Upgrade to mlua version 0.9

Cargo.lock

@@ -290,11 +290,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bstr"
-version = "0.2.17"
+version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ba3569f383e8f1598449f1a423e72e99569137b47740b1da11ef19af3d5c3223"
+checksum = "a246e68bb43f6cd9db24bea052a53e40405417c5fb372e3d1a8a7f770a564ef5"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
+ "serde",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1288,19 +1289,30 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "mlua"
-version = "0.8.9"
+version = "0.9.0-beta.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "07366ed2cd22a3b000aed076e2b68896fb46f06f1f5786c5962da73c0af01577"
+checksum = "19b5bc62c9f83dc5c6bb36714e30aceca2fb3ac5c91a21590b0cf382b22e65e0"
 dependencies = [
  "bstr",
- "cc",
  "erased-serde",
- "luau0-src",
+ "mlua-sys",
  "num-traits",
  "once_cell",
- "pkg-config",
  "rustc-hash",
  "serde",
+ "serde-value",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "mlua-sys"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5b5013b291cbd5edd9259173f1ca1e62fc2f5b670c35424361acbbccddf9c679"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "luau0-src",
+ "pkg-config",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1334,6 +1346,15 @@ version = "0.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "04744f49eae99ab78e0d5c0b603ab218f515ea8cfe5a456d7629ad883a3b6e7d"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ordered-float"
+version = "2.10.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7940cf2ca942593318d07fcf2596cdca60a85c9e7fab408a5e21a4f9dcd40d87"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "os_str_bytes"
 version = "6.5.0"
@@ -1834,6 +1855,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "serde-value"
+version = "0.7.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f3a1a3341211875ef120e117ea7fd5228530ae7e7036a779fdc9117be6b3282c"
+dependencies = [
+ "ordered-float",
+ "serde",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
 version = "1.0.164"

Cargo.toml

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ directories = "5.0"
 futures-util = "0.3"
 once_cell = "1.17"
 
-mlua = { version = "0.8", features = ["luau", "serialize"] }
+mlua = { version = "0.9.0-beta.3", features = ["luau", "serialize"] }
 tokio = { version = "1.24", features = ["full"] }
 
 # Serde dependencies, supporting user-facing formats: json, yaml, toml

packages/lib-roblox/src/datatypes/conversion.rs

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ impl<'lua> DomValueToLua<'lua> for LuaValue<'lua> {
                 DomValue::Float64(n) => Ok(LuaValue::Number(*n)),
                 DomValue::Float32(n) => Ok(LuaValue::Number(*n as f64)),
                 DomValue::String(s) => Ok(LuaValue::String(lua.create_string(s)?)),
-                DomValue::BinaryString(s) => Ok(LuaValue::String(lua.create_string(&s)?)),
+                DomValue::BinaryString(s) => Ok(LuaValue::String(lua.create_string(s)?)),
                 DomValue::Content(s) => Ok(LuaValue::String(
                     lua.create_string(AsRef::<str>::as_ref(s))?,
                 )),
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ impl<'lua> DomValueToLua<'lua> for LuaValue<'lua> {
                 // no longer exist, so we handle that here instead of
                 // in the userdata conversion to be able to return nils
                 DomValue::Ref(value) => match Instance::new_opt(*value) {
-                    Some(inst) => Ok(inst.to_lua(lua)?),
+                    Some(inst) => Ok(inst.into_lua(lua)?),
                     None => Ok(LuaValue::Nil),
                 },
 

packages/lib-roblox/src/datatypes/types/brick_color.rs

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ impl BrickColor {
         type ArgsNumber = u16;
         type ArgsName = String;
         type ArgsRgb = (u8, u8, u8);
-        type ArgsColor3 = Color3;
+        type ArgsColor3<'lua> = LuaUserDataRef<'lua, Color3>;
         datatype_table.set(
             "new",
             lua.create_function(|lua, args: LuaMultiValue| {
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ impl BrickColor {
                 } else if let Ok((r, g, b)) = ArgsRgb::from_lua_multi(args.clone(), lua) {
                     Ok(color_from_rgb(r, g, b))
                 } else if let Ok(color) = ArgsColor3::from_lua_multi(args.clone(), lua) {
-                    Ok(Self::from(color))
+                    Ok(Self::from(*color))
                 } else {
                     // FUTURE: Better error message here using given arg types
                     Err(LuaError::RuntimeError(

packages/lib-roblox/src/datatypes/types/cframe.rs

@@ -42,13 +42,20 @@ impl CFrame {
         // Strict args constructors
         datatype_table.set(
             "lookAt",
-            lua.create_function(|_, (from, to, up): (Vector3, Vector3, Option<Vector3>)| {
+            lua.create_function(
+                |_,
+                 (from, to, up): (
+                    LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>,
+                    LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>,
+                    Option<LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>>,
+                )| {
                     Ok(CFrame(look_at(
                         from.0,
                         to.0,
-                    up.unwrap_or(Vector3(Vec3::Y)).0,
+                        up.as_deref().unwrap_or(&Vector3(Vec3::Y)).0,
                     )))
-            })?,
+                },
+            )?,
         )?;
         datatype_table.set(
             "fromEulerAnglesXYZ",
@@ -76,14 +83,20 @@ impl CFrame {
         )?;
         datatype_table.set(
             "fromAxisAngle",
-            lua.create_function(|_, (v, r): (Vector3, f32)| {
+            lua.create_function(|_, (v, r): (LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>, f32)| {
                 Ok(CFrame(Mat4::from_axis_angle(v.0, r)))
             })?,
         )?;
         datatype_table.set(
             "fromMatrix",
             lua.create_function(
-                |_, (pos, rx, ry, rz): (Vector3, Vector3, Vector3, Option<Vector3>)| {
+                |_,
+                 (pos, rx, ry, rz): (
+                    LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>,
+                    LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>,
+                    LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>,
+                    Option<LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>>,
+                )| {
                     Ok(CFrame(Mat4::from_cols(
                         rx.0.extend(0.0),
                         ry.0.extend(0.0),
@@ -96,8 +109,12 @@ impl CFrame {
             )?,
         )?;
         // Dynamic args constructor
-        type ArgsPos = Vector3;
+        type ArgsPos<'lua> = LuaUserDataRef<'lua, Vector3>;
-        type ArgsLook = (Vector3, Vector3, Option<Vector3>);
+        type ArgsLook<'lua> = (
+            LuaUserDataRef<'lua, Vector3>,
+            LuaUserDataRef<'lua, Vector3>,
+            Option<LuaUserDataRef<'lua, Vector3>>,
+        );
         type ArgsPosXYZ = (f32, f32, f32);
         type ArgsPosXYZQuat = (f32, f32, f32, f32, f32, f32, f32);
         type ArgsMatrix = (f32, f32, f32, f32, f32, f32, f32, f32, f32, f32, f32, f32);
@@ -112,7 +129,7 @@ impl CFrame {
                     Ok(CFrame(look_at(
                         from.0,
                         to.0,
-                        up.unwrap_or(Vector3(Vec3::Y)).0,
+                        up.as_deref().unwrap_or(&Vector3(Vec3::Y)).0,
                     )))
                 } else if let Ok((x, y, z)) = ArgsPosXYZ::from_lua_multi(args.clone(), lua) {
                     Ok(CFrame(Mat4::from_translation(Vec3::new(x, y, z))))
@@ -168,7 +185,9 @@ impl LuaUserData for CFrame {
     fn add_methods<'lua, M: LuaUserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
         // Methods
         methods.add_method("Inverse", |_, this, ()| Ok(this.inverse()));
-        methods.add_method("Lerp", |_, this, (goal, alpha): (CFrame, f32)| {
+        methods.add_method(
+            "Lerp",
+            |_, this, (goal, alpha): (LuaUserDataRef<CFrame>, f32)| {
                 let quat_this = Quat::from_mat4(&this.0);
                 let quat_goal = Quat::from_mat4(&goal.0);
                 let translation = this
@@ -181,7 +200,8 @@ impl LuaUserData for CFrame {
                     rotation,
                     translation,
                 )))
-        });
+            },
+        );
         methods.add_method("Orthonormalize", |_, this, ()| {
             let rotation = Quat::from_mat4(&this.0);
             let translation = this.0.w_axis.truncate();
@@ -190,21 +210,31 @@ impl LuaUserData for CFrame {
                 translation,
             )))
         });
-        methods.add_method("ToWorldSpace", |_, this, rhs: CFrame| Ok(*this * rhs));
+        methods.add_method("ToWorldSpace", |_, this, rhs: LuaUserDataRef<CFrame>| {
-        methods.add_method("ToObjectSpace", |_, this, rhs: CFrame| {
+            Ok(*this * *rhs)
-            Ok(this.inverse() * rhs)
         });
-        methods.add_method("PointToWorldSpace", |_, this, rhs: Vector3| Ok(*this * rhs));
+        methods.add_method("ToObjectSpace", |_, this, rhs: LuaUserDataRef<CFrame>| {
-        methods.add_method("PointToObjectSpace", |_, this, rhs: Vector3| {
+            Ok(this.inverse() * *rhs)
-            Ok(this.inverse() * rhs)
         });
-        methods.add_method("VectorToWorldSpace", |_, this, rhs: Vector3| {
+        methods.add_method(
-            Ok((*this - Vector3(this.position())) * rhs)
+            "PointToWorldSpace",
-        });
+            |_, this, rhs: LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>| Ok(*this * *rhs),
-        methods.add_method("VectorToObjectSpace", |_, this, rhs: Vector3| {
+        );
+        methods.add_method(
+            "PointToObjectSpace",
+            |_, this, rhs: LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>| Ok(this.inverse() * *rhs),
+        );
+        methods.add_method(
+            "VectorToWorldSpace",
+            |_, this, rhs: LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>| Ok((*this - Vector3(this.position())) * *rhs),
+        );
+        methods.add_method(
+            "VectorToObjectSpace",
+            |_, this, rhs: LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>| {
                 let inv = this.inverse();
-            Ok((inv - Vector3(inv.position())) * rhs)
+                Ok((inv - Vector3(inv.position())) * *rhs)
-        });
+            },
+        );
         #[rustfmt::skip]
         methods.add_method("GetComponents", |_, this, ()| {
             let pos = this.position();
@@ -251,8 +281,14 @@ impl LuaUserData for CFrame {
                 )),
             })
         });
-        methods.add_meta_method(LuaMetaMethod::Add, |_, this, vec: Vector3| Ok(*this + vec));
+        methods.add_meta_method(
-        methods.add_meta_method(LuaMetaMethod::Sub, |_, this, vec: Vector3| Ok(*this - vec));
+            LuaMetaMethod::Add,
+            |_, this, vec: LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>| Ok(*this + *vec),
+        );
+        methods.add_meta_method(
+            LuaMetaMethod::Sub,
+            |_, this, vec: LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>| Ok(*this - *vec),
+        );
     }
 }
 

packages/lib-roblox/src/datatypes/types/color3.rs

@@ -116,7 +116,9 @@ impl LuaUserData for Color3 {
 
     fn add_methods<'lua, M: LuaUserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
         // Methods
-        methods.add_method("Lerp", |_, this, (rhs, alpha): (Color3, f32)| {
+        methods.add_method(
+            "Lerp",
+            |_, this, (rhs, alpha): (LuaUserDataRef<Color3>, f32)| {
                 let v3_this = Vec3::new(this.r, this.g, this.b);
                 let v3_rhs = Vec3::new(rhs.r, rhs.g, rhs.b);
                 let v3 = v3_this.lerp(v3_rhs, alpha);
@@ -125,7 +127,8 @@ impl LuaUserData for Color3 {
                     g: v3.y,
                     b: v3.z,
                 })
-        });
+            },
+        );
         methods.add_method("ToHSV", |_, this, ()| {
             // https://axonflux.com/handy-rgb-to-hsl-and-rgb-to-hsv-color-model-c
             let (r, g, b) = (this.r, this.g, this.b);

packages/lib-roblox/src/datatypes/types/color_sequence.rs

@@ -19,17 +19,23 @@ pub struct ColorSequence {
 
 impl ColorSequence {
     pub(crate) fn make_table(lua: &Lua, datatype_table: &LuaTable) -> LuaResult<()> {
-        type ArgsColor = Color3;
+        type ArgsColor<'lua> = LuaUserDataRef<'lua, Color3>;
-        type ArgsColors = (Color3, Color3);
+        type ArgsColors<'lua> = (LuaUserDataRef<'lua, Color3>, LuaUserDataRef<'lua, Color3>);
-        type ArgsKeypoints = Vec<ColorSequenceKeypoint>;
+        type ArgsKeypoints<'lua> = Vec<LuaUserDataRef<'lua, ColorSequenceKeypoint>>;
         datatype_table.set(
             "new",
             lua.create_function(|lua, args: LuaMultiValue| {
                 if let Ok(color) = ArgsColor::from_lua_multi(args.clone(), lua) {
                     Ok(ColorSequence {
                         keypoints: vec![
-                            ColorSequenceKeypoint { time: 0.0, color },
+                            ColorSequenceKeypoint {
-                            ColorSequenceKeypoint { time: 1.0, color },
+                                time: 0.0,
+                                color: *color,
+                            },
+                            ColorSequenceKeypoint {
+                                time: 1.0,
+                                color: *color,
+                            },
                         ],
                     })
                 } else if let Ok((c0, c1)) = ArgsColors::from_lua_multi(args.clone(), lua) {
@@ -37,16 +43,18 @@ impl ColorSequence {
                         keypoints: vec![
                             ColorSequenceKeypoint {
                                 time: 0.0,
-                                color: c0,
+                                color: *c0,
                             },
                             ColorSequenceKeypoint {
                                 time: 1.0,
-                                color: c1,
+                                color: *c1,
                             },
                         ],
                     })
                 } else if let Ok(keypoints) = ArgsKeypoints::from_lua_multi(args, lua) {
-                    Ok(ColorSequence { keypoints })
+                    Ok(ColorSequence {
+                        keypoints: keypoints.iter().map(|k| **k).collect(),
+                    })
                 } else {
                     // FUTURE: Better error message here using given arg types
                     Err(LuaError::RuntimeError(

packages/lib-roblox/src/datatypes/types/color_sequence_keypoint.rs

@@ -20,8 +20,11 @@ impl ColorSequenceKeypoint {
     pub(crate) fn make_table(lua: &Lua, datatype_table: &LuaTable) -> LuaResult<()> {
         datatype_table.set(
             "new",
-            lua.create_function(|_, (time, color): (f32, Color3)| {
+            lua.create_function(|_, (time, color): (f32, LuaUserDataRef<Color3>)| {
-                Ok(ColorSequenceKeypoint { time, color })
+                Ok(ColorSequenceKeypoint {
+                    time,
+                    color: *color,
+                })
             })?,
         )?;
         Ok(())

packages/lib-roblox/src/datatypes/types/font.rs

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ impl Font {
         )?;
         datatype_table.set(
             "fromEnum",
-            lua.create_function(|_, value: EnumItem| {
+            lua.create_function(|_, value: LuaUserDataRef<EnumItem>| {
                 if value.parent.desc.name == "Font" {
                     match Font::from_enum_item(&value) {
                         Some(props) => Ok(props),
@@ -308,8 +308,8 @@ impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for FontWeight {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for FontWeight {
+impl<'lua> IntoLua<'lua> for FontWeight {
-    fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> LuaResult<LuaValue<'lua>> {
+    fn into_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> LuaResult<LuaValue<'lua>> {
         match EnumItem::from_enum_name_and_name("FontWeight", self.to_string()) {
             Some(enum_item) => Ok(LuaValue::UserData(lua.create_userdata(enum_item)?)),
             None => Err(LuaError::ToLuaConversionError {
@@ -403,8 +403,8 @@ impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for FontStyle {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for FontStyle {
+impl<'lua> IntoLua<'lua> for FontStyle {
-    fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> LuaResult<LuaValue<'lua>> {
+    fn into_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> LuaResult<LuaValue<'lua>> {
         match EnumItem::from_enum_name_and_name("FontStyle", self.to_string()) {
             Some(enum_item) => Ok(LuaValue::UserData(lua.create_userdata(enum_item)?)),
             None => Err(LuaError::ToLuaConversionError {

packages/lib-roblox/src/datatypes/types/number_sequence.rs

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ impl NumberSequence {
     pub(crate) fn make_table(lua: &Lua, datatype_table: &LuaTable) -> LuaResult<()> {
         type ArgsColor = f32;
         type ArgsColors = (f32, f32);
-        type ArgsKeypoints = Vec<NumberSequenceKeypoint>;
+        type ArgsKeypoints<'lua> = Vec<LuaUserDataRef<'lua, NumberSequenceKeypoint>>;
         datatype_table.set(
             "new",
             lua.create_function(|lua, args: LuaMultiValue| {
@@ -56,7 +56,9 @@ impl NumberSequence {
                         ],
                     })
                 } else if let Ok(keypoints) = ArgsKeypoints::from_lua_multi(args, lua) {
-                    Ok(NumberSequence { keypoints })
+                    Ok(NumberSequence {
+                        keypoints: keypoints.iter().map(|k| **k).collect(),
+                    })
                 } else {
                     // FUTURE: Better error message here using given arg types
                     Err(LuaError::RuntimeError(

packages/lib-roblox/src/datatypes/types/physical_properties.rs

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ impl PhysicalProperties {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn make_table(lua: &Lua, datatype_table: &LuaTable) -> LuaResult<()> {
-        type ArgsMaterial = EnumItem;
+        type ArgsMaterial<'lua> = LuaUserDataRef<'lua, EnumItem>;
         type ArgsNumbers = (f32, f32, f32, Option<f32>, Option<f32>);
         datatype_table.set(
             "new",

packages/lib-roblox/src/datatypes/types/ray.rs

@@ -30,12 +30,14 @@ impl Ray {
     pub(crate) fn make_table(lua: &Lua, datatype_table: &LuaTable) -> LuaResult<()> {
         datatype_table.set(
             "new",
-            lua.create_function(|_, (origin, direction): (Vector3, Vector3)| {
+            lua.create_function(
+                |_, (origin, direction): (LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>, LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>)| {
                     Ok(Ray {
                         origin: origin.0,
                         direction: direction.0,
                     })
-            })?,
+                },
+            )?,
         )
     }
 }
@@ -54,10 +56,10 @@ impl LuaUserData for Ray {
 
     fn add_methods<'lua, M: LuaUserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
         // Methods
-        methods.add_method("ClosestPoint", |_, this, to: Vector3| {
+        methods.add_method("ClosestPoint", |_, this, to: LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>| {
             Ok(Vector3(this.closest_point(to.0)))
         });
-        methods.add_method("Distance", |_, this, to: Vector3| {
+        methods.add_method("Distance", |_, this, to: LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>| {
             let closest = this.closest_point(to.0);
             Ok((closest - to.0).length())
         });

packages/lib-roblox/src/datatypes/types/rect.rs

@@ -30,15 +30,18 @@ impl Rect {
 
 impl Rect {
     pub(crate) fn make_table(lua: &Lua, datatype_table: &LuaTable) -> LuaResult<()> {
-        type ArgsVector2s = (Option<Vector2>, Option<Vector2>);
+        type ArgsVector2s<'lua> = (
+            Option<LuaUserDataRef<'lua, Vector2>>,
+            Option<LuaUserDataRef<'lua, Vector2>>,
+        );
         type ArgsNums = (Option<f32>, Option<f32>, Option<f32>, Option<f32>);
         datatype_table.set(
             "new",
             lua.create_function(|lua, args: LuaMultiValue| {
                 if let Ok((min, max)) = ArgsVector2s::from_lua_multi(args.clone(), lua) {
                     Ok(Rect::new(
-                        min.unwrap_or_default().0,
+                        min.map(|m| *m).unwrap_or_default().0,
-                        max.unwrap_or_default().0,
+                        max.map(|m| *m).unwrap_or_default().0,
                     ))
                 } else if let Ok((x0, y0, x1, y1)) = ArgsNums::from_lua_multi(args, lua) {
                     let min = Vec2::new(x0.unwrap_or_default(), y0.unwrap_or_default());

packages/lib-roblox/src/datatypes/types/region3.rs

@@ -22,12 +22,14 @@ impl Region3 {
     pub(crate) fn make_table(lua: &Lua, datatype_table: &LuaTable) -> LuaResult<()> {
         datatype_table.set(
             "new",
-            lua.create_function(|_, (min, max): (Vector3, Vector3)| {
+            lua.create_function(
+                |_, (min, max): (LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>, LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>)| {
                     Ok(Region3 {
                         min: min.0,
                         max: max.0,
                     })
-            })?,
+                },
+            )?,
         )
     }
 }

packages/lib-roblox/src/datatypes/types/region3int16.rs

@@ -22,12 +22,14 @@ impl Region3int16 {
     pub(crate) fn make_table(lua: &Lua, datatype_table: &LuaTable) -> LuaResult<()> {
         datatype_table.set(
             "new",
-            lua.create_function(|_, (min, max): (Vector3int16, Vector3int16)| {
+            lua.create_function(
+                |_, (min, max): (LuaUserDataRef<Vector3int16>, LuaUserDataRef<Vector3int16>)| {
                     Ok(Region3int16 {
                         min: min.0,
                         max: max.0,
                     })
-            })?,
+                },
+            )?,
         )
     }
 }

packages/lib-roblox/src/datatypes/types/udim2.rs

@@ -38,15 +38,18 @@ impl UDim2 {
                 })
             })?,
         )?;
-        type ArgsUDims = (Option<UDim>, Option<UDim>);
+        type ArgsUDims<'lua> = (
+            Option<LuaUserDataRef<'lua, UDim>>,
+            Option<LuaUserDataRef<'lua, UDim>>,
+        );
         type ArgsNums = (Option<f32>, Option<i32>, Option<f32>, Option<i32>);
         datatype_table.set(
             "new",
             lua.create_function(|lua, args: LuaMultiValue| {
                 if let Ok((x, y)) = ArgsUDims::from_lua_multi(args.clone(), lua) {
                     Ok(UDim2 {
-                        x: x.unwrap_or_default(),
+                        x: x.map(|x| *x).unwrap_or_default(),
-                        y: y.unwrap_or_default(),
+                        y: y.map(|y| *y).unwrap_or_default(),
                     })
                 } else if let Ok((sx, ox, sy, oy)) = ArgsNums::from_lua_multi(args, lua) {
                     Ok(UDim2 {
@@ -74,7 +77,9 @@ impl LuaUserData for UDim2 {
 
     fn add_methods<'lua, M: LuaUserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
         // Methods
-        methods.add_method("Lerp", |_, this, (goal, alpha): (UDim2, f32)| {
+        methods.add_method(
+            "Lerp",
+            |_, this, (goal, alpha): (LuaUserDataRef<UDim2>, f32)| {
                 let this_x = Vec2::new(this.x.scale, this.x.offset as f32);
                 let goal_x = Vec2::new(goal.x.scale, goal.x.offset as f32);
 
@@ -94,7 +99,8 @@ impl LuaUserData for UDim2 {
                         offset: y.y.clamp(i32::MIN as f32, i32::MAX as f32).round() as i32,
                     },
                 })
-        });
+            },
+        );
         // Metamethods
         methods.add_meta_method(LuaMetaMethod::Eq, userdata_impl_eq);
         methods.add_meta_method(LuaMetaMethod::ToString, userdata_impl_to_string);

packages/lib-roblox/src/datatypes/types/vector2.rs

@@ -47,19 +47,24 @@ impl LuaUserData for Vector2 {
 
     fn add_methods<'lua, M: LuaUserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
         // Methods
-        methods.add_method("Cross", |_, this, rhs: Vector2| {
+        methods.add_method("Cross", |_, this, rhs: LuaUserDataRef<Vector2>| {
             let this_v3 = Vec3::new(this.0.x, this.0.y, 0f32);
             let rhs_v3 = Vec3::new(rhs.0.x, rhs.0.y, 0f32);
             Ok(this_v3.cross(rhs_v3).z)
         });
-        methods.add_method("Dot", |_, this, rhs: Vector2| Ok(this.0.dot(rhs.0)));
+        methods.add_method("Dot", |_, this, rhs: LuaUserDataRef<Vector2>| {
-        methods.add_method("Lerp", |_, this, (rhs, alpha): (Vector2, f32)| {
+            Ok(this.0.dot(rhs.0))
-            Ok(Vector2(this.0.lerp(rhs.0, alpha)))
         });
-        methods.add_method("Max", |_, this, rhs: Vector2| {
+        methods.add_method(
+            "Lerp",
+            |_, this, (rhs, alpha): (LuaUserDataRef<Vector2>, f32)| {
+                Ok(Vector2(this.0.lerp(rhs.0, alpha)))
+            },
+        );
+        methods.add_method("Max", |_, this, rhs: LuaUserDataRef<Vector2>| {
             Ok(Vector2(this.0.max(rhs.0)))
         });
-        methods.add_method("Min", |_, this, rhs: Vector2| {
+        methods.add_method("Min", |_, this, rhs: LuaUserDataRef<Vector2>| {
             Ok(Vector2(this.0.min(rhs.0)))
         });
         // Metamethods

packages/lib-roblox/src/datatypes/types/vector3.rs

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl Vector3 {
         // Constructors
         datatype_table.set(
             "fromAxis",
-            lua.create_function(|_, normal_id: EnumItem| {
+            lua.create_function(|_, normal_id: LuaUserDataRef<EnumItem>| {
                 if normal_id.parent.desc.name == "Axis" {
                     Ok(match normal_id.name.as_str() {
                         "X" => Vector3(Vec3::X),
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impl Vector3 {
         )?;
         datatype_table.set(
             "fromNormalId",
-            lua.create_function(|_, normal_id: EnumItem| {
+            lua.create_function(|_, normal_id: LuaUserDataRef<EnumItem>| {
                 if normal_id.parent.desc.name == "NormalId" {
                     Ok(match normal_id.name.as_str() {
                         "Left" => Vector3(Vec3::X),
@@ -102,26 +102,34 @@ impl LuaUserData for Vector3 {
 
     fn add_methods<'lua, M: LuaUserDataMethods<'lua, Self>>(methods: &mut M) {
         // Methods
-        methods.add_method("Angle", |_, this, rhs: Vector3| {
+        methods.add_method("Angle", |_, this, rhs: LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>| {
             Ok(this.0.angle_between(rhs.0))
         });
-        methods.add_method("Cross", |_, this, rhs: Vector3| {
+        methods.add_method("Cross", |_, this, rhs: LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>| {
             Ok(Vector3(this.0.cross(rhs.0)))
         });
-        methods.add_method("Dot", |_, this, rhs: Vector3| Ok(this.0.dot(rhs.0)));
+        methods.add_method("Dot", |_, this, rhs: LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>| {
-        methods.add_method("FuzzyEq", |_, this, (rhs, epsilon): (Vector3, f32)| {
+            Ok(this.0.dot(rhs.0))
+        });
+        methods.add_method(
+            "FuzzyEq",
+            |_, this, (rhs, epsilon): (LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>, f32)| {
                 let eq_x = (rhs.0.x - this.0.x).abs() <= epsilon;
                 let eq_y = (rhs.0.y - this.0.y).abs() <= epsilon;
                 let eq_z = (rhs.0.z - this.0.z).abs() <= epsilon;
                 Ok(eq_x && eq_y && eq_z)
-        });
+            },
-        methods.add_method("Lerp", |_, this, (rhs, alpha): (Vector3, f32)| {
+        );
+        methods.add_method(
+            "Lerp",
+            |_, this, (rhs, alpha): (LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>, f32)| {
                 Ok(Vector3(this.0.lerp(rhs.0, alpha)))
-        });
+            },
-        methods.add_method("Max", |_, this, rhs: Vector3| {
+        );
+        methods.add_method("Max", |_, this, rhs: LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>| {
             Ok(Vector3(this.0.max(rhs.0)))
         });
-        methods.add_method("Min", |_, this, rhs: Vector3| {
+        methods.add_method("Min", |_, this, rhs: LuaUserDataRef<Vector3>| {
             Ok(Vector3(this.0.min(rhs.0)))
         });
         // Metamethods

packages/lib-roblox/src/instance/mod.rs

@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ impl Instance {
             "new",
             lua.create_function(|lua, class_name: String| {
                 if class_exists(&class_name) {
-                    Instance::new_orphaned(class_name).to_lua(lua)
+                    Instance::new_orphaned(class_name).into_lua(lua)
                 } else {
                     Err(LuaError::RuntimeError(format!(
                         "Failed to create Instance - '{}' is not a valid class name",
@@ -870,12 +870,12 @@ impl LuaUserData for Instance {
             this.ensure_not_destroyed()?;
 
             match prop_name.as_str() {
-                "ClassName" => return this.get_class_name().to_lua(lua),
+                "ClassName" => return this.get_class_name().into_lua(lua),
                 "Name" => {
-                    return this.get_name().to_lua(lua);
+                    return this.get_name().into_lua(lua);
                 }
                 "Parent" => {
-                    return this.get_parent().to_lua(lua);
+                    return this.get_parent().into_lua(lua);
                 }
                 _ => {}
             }
@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ impl LuaUserData for Instance {
                                     prop_name, enum_name, enum_value.to_u32()
                                 ))
                             })?
-                            .to_lua(lua)
+                            .into_lua(lua)
                     } else {
                         Ok(LuaValue::dom_value_to_lua(lua, &prop)?)
                     }
@@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ impl LuaUserData for Instance {
                                 prop_name, enum_name, enum_value
                             ))
                         })?
-                        .to_lua(lua)
+                        .into_lua(lua)
                 } else if let Some(prop_default) = info.value_default {
                     Ok(LuaValue::dom_value_to_lua(lua, prop_default)?)
                 } else if info.value_type.is_some() {
@@ -967,9 +967,9 @@ impl LuaUserData for Instance {
                                 prop_name
                             )));
                         }
-                        type Parent = Option<Instance>;
+                        type Parent<'lua> = Option<LuaUserDataRef<'lua, Instance>>;
                         let parent = Parent::from_lua(prop_value, lua)?;
-                        this.set_parent(parent);
+                        this.set_parent(parent.map(|p| p.clone()));
                         return Ok(());
                     }
                     _ => {}
@@ -986,9 +986,12 @@ impl LuaUserData for Instance {
                 };
 
                 if let Some(enum_name) = info.enum_name {
-                    match EnumItem::from_lua(prop_value, lua) {
+                    match LuaUserDataRef::<EnumItem>::from_lua(prop_value, lua) {
                         Ok(given_enum) if given_enum.parent.desc.name == enum_name => {
-                            this.set_property(prop_name, DomValue::Enum(given_enum.into()));
+                            this.set_property(
+                                prop_name,
+                                DomValue::Enum((*given_enum).clone().into()),
+                            );
                             Ok(())
                         }
                         Ok(given_enum) => Err(LuaError::RuntimeError(format!(
@@ -1022,7 +1025,7 @@ impl LuaUserData for Instance {
         */
         methods.add_method("Clone", |lua, this, ()| {
             this.ensure_not_destroyed()?;
-            this.clone_instance().to_lua(lua)
+            this.clone_instance().into_lua(lua)
         });
         methods.add_method_mut("Destroy", |_, this, ()| {
             this.destroy();
@@ -1034,26 +1037,26 @@ impl LuaUserData for Instance {
         });
         methods.add_method("GetChildren", |lua, this, ()| {
             this.ensure_not_destroyed()?;
-            this.get_children().to_lua(lua)
+            this.get_children().into_lua(lua)
         });
         methods.add_method("GetDescendants", |lua, this, ()| {
             this.ensure_not_destroyed()?;
-            this.get_descendants().to_lua(lua)
+            this.get_descendants().into_lua(lua)
         });
         methods.add_method("GetFullName", |lua, this, ()| {
             this.ensure_not_destroyed()?;
-            this.get_full_name().to_lua(lua)
+            this.get_full_name().into_lua(lua)
         });
         methods.add_method("FindFirstAncestor", |lua, this, name: String| {
             this.ensure_not_destroyed()?;
-            this.find_ancestor(|child| child.name == name).to_lua(lua)
+            this.find_ancestor(|child| child.name == name).into_lua(lua)
         });
         methods.add_method(
             "FindFirstAncestorOfClass",
             |lua, this, class_name: String| {
                 this.ensure_not_destroyed()?;
                 this.find_ancestor(|child| child.class == class_name)
-                    .to_lua(lua)
+                    .into_lua(lua)
             },
         );
         methods.add_method(
@@ -1061,7 +1064,7 @@ impl LuaUserData for Instance {
             |lua, this, class_name: String| {
                 this.ensure_not_destroyed()?;
                 this.find_ancestor(|child| class_is_a(&child.class, &class_name).unwrap_or(false))
-                    .to_lua(lua)
+                    .into_lua(lua)
             },
         );
         methods.add_method(
@@ -1070,9 +1073,9 @@ impl LuaUserData for Instance {
                 this.ensure_not_destroyed()?;
                 let predicate = |child: &DomInstance| child.name == name;
                 if matches!(recursive, Some(true)) {
-                    this.find_descendant(predicate).to_lua(lua)
+                    this.find_descendant(predicate).into_lua(lua)
                 } else {
-                    this.find_child(predicate).to_lua(lua)
+                    this.find_child(predicate).into_lua(lua)
                 }
             },
         );
@@ -1082,9 +1085,9 @@ impl LuaUserData for Instance {
                 this.ensure_not_destroyed()?;
                 let predicate = |child: &DomInstance| child.class == class_name;
                 if matches!(recursive, Some(true)) {
-                    this.find_descendant(predicate).to_lua(lua)
+                    this.find_descendant(predicate).into_lua(lua)
                 } else {
-                    this.find_child(predicate).to_lua(lua)
+                    this.find_child(predicate).into_lua(lua)
                 }
             },
         );
@@ -1095,9 +1098,9 @@ impl LuaUserData for Instance {
                 let predicate =
                     |child: &DomInstance| class_is_a(&child.class, &class_name).unwrap_or(false);
                 if matches!(recursive, Some(true)) {
-                    this.find_descendant(predicate).to_lua(lua)
+                    this.find_descendant(predicate).into_lua(lua)
                 } else {
-                    this.find_child(predicate).to_lua(lua)
+                    this.find_child(predicate).into_lua(lua)
                 }
             },
         );
@@ -1105,18 +1108,24 @@ impl LuaUserData for Instance {
             this.ensure_not_destroyed()?;
             Ok(class_is_a(&this.class_name, class_name).unwrap_or(false))
         });
-        methods.add_method("IsAncestorOf", |_, this, instance: Instance| {
+        methods.add_method(
+            "IsAncestorOf",
+            |_, this, instance: LuaUserDataRef<Instance>| {
                 this.ensure_not_destroyed()?;
                 Ok(instance
                     .find_ancestor(|ancestor| ancestor.referent() == this.dom_ref)
                     .is_some())
-        });
+            },
-        methods.add_method("IsDescendantOf", |_, this, instance: Instance| {
+        );
+        methods.add_method(
+            "IsDescendantOf",
+            |_, this, instance: LuaUserDataRef<Instance>| {
                 this.ensure_not_destroyed()?;
                 Ok(this
                     .find_ancestor(|ancestor| ancestor.referent() == instance.dom_ref)
                     .is_some())
-        });
+            },
+        );
         methods.add_method("GetAttribute", |lua, this, name: String| {
             this.ensure_not_destroyed()?;
             match this.get_attribute(name) {

packages/lib-roblox/src/lib.rs

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn make_all_datatypes(lua: &Lua) -> LuaResult<Vec<(&'static str, LuaValue)>> {
 		// Classes
         ("Instance", make(lua, Instance::make_table)?),
 		// Singletons
-        ("Enum", Enums.to_lua(lua)?),
+        ("Enum", Enums.into_lua(lua)?),
     ])
 }
 

packages/lib-roblox/src/shared/classes.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pub(crate) fn add_class_restricted_getter<'lua, F: LuaUserDataFields<'lua, Insta
     field_name: &'static str,
     field_getter: G,
 ) where
-    R: ToLua<'lua>,
+    R: IntoLua<'lua>,
     G: 'static + Fn(&'lua Lua, &Instance) -> LuaResult<R>,
 {
     fields.add_field_method_get(field_name, move |lua, this| {
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ pub(crate) fn add_class_restricted_method<'lua, M: LuaUserDataMethods<'lua, Inst
     method: F,
 ) where
     A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
-    R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+    R: IntoLuaMulti<'lua>,
     F: 'static + Fn(&'lua Lua, &Instance, A) -> LuaResult<R>,
 {
     methods.add_method(method_name, move |lua, this, args| {
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ pub(crate) fn add_class_restricted_method_mut<
     method: F,
 ) where
     A: FromLuaMulti<'lua>,
-    R: ToLuaMulti<'lua>,
+    R: IntoLuaMulti<'lua>,
     F: 'static + Fn(&'lua Lua, &mut Instance, A) -> LuaResult<R>,
 {
     methods.add_method_mut(method_name, move |lua, this, args| {

packages/lib-roblox/src/shared/userdata.rs

@@ -50,18 +50,18 @@ where
     Ok(-*datatype)
 }
 
-pub fn userdata_impl_add<D>(_: &Lua, datatype: &D, value: D) -> LuaResult<D>
+pub fn userdata_impl_add<D>(_: &Lua, datatype: &D, value: LuaUserDataRef<D>) -> LuaResult<D>
 where
     D: LuaUserData + ops::Add<Output = D> + Copy,
 {
-    Ok(*datatype + value)
+    Ok(*datatype + *value)
 }
 
-pub fn userdata_impl_sub<D>(_: &Lua, datatype: &D, value: D) -> LuaResult<D>
+pub fn userdata_impl_sub<D>(_: &Lua, datatype: &D, value: LuaUserDataRef<D>) -> LuaResult<D>
 where
     D: LuaUserData + ops::Sub<Output = D> + Copy,
 {
-    Ok(*datatype - value)
+    Ok(*datatype - *value)
 }
 
 pub fn userdata_impl_mul_f32<D>(_: &Lua, datatype: &D, rhs: LuaValue) -> LuaResult<D>

packages/lib/src/builtins/fs.rs

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub fn create(lua: &'static Lua) -> LuaResult<LuaTable> {
 
 async fn fs_read_file(lua: &'static Lua, path: String) -> LuaResult<LuaString> {
     let bytes = fs::read(&path).await.map_err(LuaError::external)?;
-    lua.create_string(&bytes)
+    lua.create_string(bytes)
 }
 
 async fn fs_read_dir(_: &'static Lua, path: String) -> LuaResult<Vec<String>> {

packages/lib/src/builtins/net.rs

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ fn net_json_decode<'a>(lua: &'static Lua, json: LuaString<'a>) -> LuaResult<LuaV
 
 async fn net_request<'a>(lua: &'static Lua, config: RequestConfig<'a>) -> LuaResult<LuaTable<'a>> {
     // Create and send the request
-    let client: NetClient = lua.named_registry_value("net.client")?;
+    let client: LuaUserDataRef<NetClient> = lua.named_registry_value("net.client")?;
     let mut request = client.request(config.method, &config.url);
     for (query, value) in config.query {
         request = request.query(&[(query.to_str()?, value.to_str()?)]);
@@ -195,9 +195,9 @@ fn net_url_encode<'a>(
     (lua_string, as_binary): (LuaString<'a>, Option<bool>),
 ) -> LuaResult<LuaValue<'a>> {
     if matches!(as_binary, Some(true)) {
-        urlencoding::encode_binary(lua_string.as_bytes()).to_lua(lua)
+        urlencoding::encode_binary(lua_string.as_bytes()).into_lua(lua)
     } else {
-        urlencoding::encode(lua_string.to_str()?).to_lua(lua)
+        urlencoding::encode(lua_string.to_str()?).into_lua(lua)
     }
 }
 
@@ -206,10 +206,10 @@ fn net_url_decode<'a>(
     (lua_string, as_binary): (LuaString<'a>, Option<bool>),
 ) -> LuaResult<LuaValue<'a>> {
     if matches!(as_binary, Some(true)) {
-        urlencoding::decode_binary(lua_string.as_bytes()).to_lua(lua)
+        urlencoding::decode_binary(lua_string.as_bytes()).into_lua(lua)
     } else {
         urlencoding::decode(lua_string.to_str()?)
             .map_err(|e| LuaError::RuntimeError(format!("Encountered invalid encoding - {e}")))?
-            .to_lua(lua)
+            .into_lua(lua)
     }
 }

packages/lib/src/builtins/process.rs

@@ -61,13 +61,13 @@ pub fn create(lua: &'static Lua, args_vec: Vec<String>) -> LuaResult<LuaTable> {
     })?;
     let process_exit = lua
         .load(PROCESS_EXIT_IMPL_LUA)
-        .set_name("=process.exit")?
+        .set_name("=process.exit")
         .set_environment(
             TableBuilder::new(lua)?
                 .with_value("yield", process_exit_env_yield)?
                 .with_value("exit", process_exit_env_exit)?
                 .build_readonly()?,
-        )?
+        )
         .into_function()?;
     // Create the full process table
     TableBuilder::new(lua)?

packages/lib/src/builtins/roblox.rs

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ async fn deserialize_place<'lua>(
         let data_model = doc.into_data_model_instance()?;
         Ok::<_, DocumentError>(data_model)
     });
-    fut.await?.to_lua(lua)
+    fut.await?.into_lua(lua)
 }
 
 async fn deserialize_model<'lua>(
@@ -47,13 +47,14 @@ async fn deserialize_model<'lua>(
         let instance_array = doc.into_instance_array()?;
         Ok::<_, DocumentError>(instance_array)
     });
-    fut.await?.to_lua(lua)
+    fut.await?.into_lua(lua)
 }
 
-async fn serialize_place(
+async fn serialize_place<'lua>(
-    lua: &Lua,
+    lua: &'lua Lua,
-    (data_model, as_xml): (Instance, Option<bool>),
+    (data_model, as_xml): (LuaUserDataRef<'lua, Instance>, Option<bool>),
-) -> LuaResult<LuaString> {
+) -> LuaResult<LuaString<'lua>> {
+    let data_model = (*data_model).clone();
     let fut = unblock(move || {
         let doc = Document::from_data_model_instance(data_model)?;
         let bytes = doc.to_bytes_with_format(match as_xml {
@@ -63,13 +64,14 @@ async fn serialize_place(
         Ok::<_, DocumentError>(bytes)
     });
     let bytes = fut.await?;
-    lua.create_string(&bytes)
+    lua.create_string(bytes)
 }
 
-async fn serialize_model(
+async fn serialize_model<'lua>(
-    lua: &Lua,
+    lua: &'lua Lua,
-    (instances, as_xml): (Vec<Instance>, Option<bool>),
+    (instances, as_xml): (Vec<LuaUserDataRef<'lua, Instance>>, Option<bool>),
-) -> LuaResult<LuaString> {
+) -> LuaResult<LuaString<'lua>> {
+    let instances = instances.iter().map(|i| (*i).clone()).collect();
     let fut = unblock(move || {
         let doc = Document::from_instance_array(instances)?;
         let bytes = doc.to_bytes_with_format(match as_xml {
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ async fn serialize_model(
         Ok::<_, DocumentError>(bytes)
     });
     let bytes = fut.await?;
-    lua.create_string(&bytes)
+    lua.create_string(bytes)
 }
 
 async fn get_auth_cookie(_: &Lua, raw: Option<bool>) -> LuaResult<Option<String>> {

packages/lib/src/builtins/serde.rs

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ async fn serde_compress<'a>(
     (format, str): (CompressDecompressFormat, LuaString<'a>),
 ) -> LuaResult<LuaString<'a>> {
     let bytes = compress(format, str).await?;
-    lua.create_string(&bytes)
+    lua.create_string(bytes)
 }
 
 async fn serde_decompress<'a>(
@@ -45,5 +45,5 @@ async fn serde_decompress<'a>(
     (format, str): (CompressDecompressFormat, LuaString<'a>),
 ) -> LuaResult<LuaString<'a>> {
     let bytes = decompress(format, str).await?;
-    lua.create_string(&bytes)
+    lua.create_string(bytes)
 }

packages/lib/src/builtins/task.rs

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ pub fn create(lua: &'static Lua) -> LuaResult<LuaTable<'static>> {
     let task_spawn_env_yield: LuaFunction = lua.named_registry_value("co.yield")?;
     let task_spawn = lua
         .load(SPAWN_IMPL_LUA)
-        .set_name("task.spawn")?
+        .set_name("task.spawn")
         .set_environment(
             TableBuilder::new(lua)?
                 .with_function("thread", |lua, _: ()| Ok(lua.current_thread()))?
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ pub fn create(lua: &'static Lua) -> LuaResult<LuaTable<'static>> {
                     },
                 )?
                 .build_readonly()?,
-        )?
+        )
         .into_function()?;
     // Functions in the built-in coroutine library also need to be
     // replaced, these are a bit different than the ones above because
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ pub fn create(lua: &'static Lua) -> LuaResult<LuaTable<'static>> {
     Basic task functions
 */
 
-fn task_cancel(lua: &Lua, task: TaskReference) -> LuaResult<()> {
+fn task_cancel(lua: &Lua, task: LuaUserDataRef<TaskReference>) -> LuaResult<()> {
     let sched = lua.app_data_ref::<&TaskScheduler>().unwrap();
-    sched.remove_task(task)?;
+    sched.remove_task(*task)?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ fn coroutine_resume<'lua>(
     sched.force_set_current_task(Some(current));
     match result {
         Ok(rets) => Ok((true, rets.1)),
-        Err(e) => Ok((false, e.to_lua_multi(lua)?)),
+        Err(e) => Ok((false, e.into_lua_multi(lua)?)),
     }
 }
 

packages/lib/src/builtins/top_level.rs

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub fn error(lua: &Lua, (arg, level): (LuaValue, Option<u32>)) -> LuaResult<()>
             cause: LuaError::external(format!(
                 "{}\n{}",
                 format_label("error"),
-                pretty_format_multi_value(&arg.to_lua_multi(lua)?)?
+                pretty_format_multi_value(&arg.into_lua_multi(lua)?)?
             ))
             .into(),
         },
@@ -58,8 +58,7 @@ pub fn proxy_type<'lua>(lua: &'lua Lua, value: LuaValue<'lua>) -> LuaResult<LuaS
             return lua.create_string("thread");
         }
     }
-    lua.named_registry_value::<_, LuaFunction>("type")?
+    lua.named_registry_value::<LuaFunction>("type")?.call(value)
-        .call(value)
 }
 
 pub fn proxy_typeof<'lua>(lua: &'lua Lua, value: LuaValue<'lua>) -> LuaResult<LuaString<'lua>> {
@@ -74,7 +73,7 @@ pub fn proxy_typeof<'lua>(lua: &'lua Lua, value: LuaValue<'lua>) -> LuaResult<Lu
             }
         }
     }
-    lua.named_registry_value::<_, LuaFunction>("typeof")?
+    lua.named_registry_value::<LuaFunction>("typeof")?
         .call(value)
 }
 

packages/lib/src/importer/require.rs

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ impl<'lua> RequireContext<'lua> {
     pub fn new<K, V>(lua: &'lua Lua, builtins_vec: Vec<(K, V)>) -> LuaResult<Self>
     where
         K: Into<String>,
-        V: ToLua<'lua>,
+        V: IntoLua<'lua>,
     {
         let mut pwd = current_dir()
             .expect("Failed to access current working directory")
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ impl<'lua> RequireContext<'lua> {
         }
         let mut builtins = HashMap::new();
         for (key, value) in builtins_vec {
-            builtins.insert(key.into(), value.to_lua_multi(lua)?);
+            builtins.insert(key.into(), value.into_lua_multi(lua)?);
         }
         Ok(Self {
             pwd,
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ async fn load_file<'lua>(
             // Load the file into a thread
             let loaded_func = lua
                 .load(&contents)
-                .set_name(path_relative_no_extension)?
+                .set_name(path_relative_no_extension)
                 .into_function()?;
             let loaded_thread = lua.create_thread(loaded_func)?;
             // Run the thread and wait for completion using the native task scheduler waker
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ async fn load_file<'lua>(
 
 async fn load<'lua>(
     lua: &'lua Lua,
-    context: RequireContext<'lua>,
+    context: LuaUserDataRef<'lua, RequireContext<'lua>>,
     absolute_path: String,
     relative_path: String,
     has_acquired_lock: bool,
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ async fn load<'lua>(
 pub fn create<K, V>(lua: &'static Lua, builtins: Vec<(K, V)>) -> LuaResult<LuaFunction>
 where
     K: Clone + Into<String>,
-    V: Clone + ToLua<'static>,
+    V: Clone + IntoLua<'static>,
 {
     let require_context = RequireContext::new(lua, builtins)?;
     let require_yield: LuaFunction = lua.named_registry_value("co.yield")?;
@@ -261,7 +261,12 @@ where
         .with_value("print", require_print)?
         .with_function(
             "load",
-            |lua, (context, require_source, require_path): (RequireContext, String, String)| {
+            |lua,
+             (context, require_source, require_path): (
+                LuaUserDataRef<RequireContext>,
+                String,
+                String,
+            )| {
                 let (absolute_path, relative_path) =
                     context.get_paths(require_source, require_path)?;
                 // NOTE: We can not acquire the lock in the async part of the require
@@ -274,7 +279,7 @@ where
                     .expect("Missing task scheduler as a lua app data");
                 sched.queue_async_task_inherited(lua.current_thread(), None, async {
                     let rets = fut.await?;
-                    let mult = rets.to_lua_multi(lua)?;
+                    let mult = rets.into_lua_multi(lua)?;
                     Ok(Some(mult))
                 })
             },
@@ -283,8 +288,8 @@ where
 
     let require_fn_lua = lua
         .load(REQUIRE_IMPL_LUA)
-        .set_name("require")?
+        .set_name("require")
-        .set_environment(require_env)?
+        .set_environment(require_env)
         .into_function()?;
     Ok(require_fn_lua)
 }

packages/lib/src/lib.rs

@@ -76,10 +76,10 @@ impl Lune {
         // Create the main thread and schedule it
         let main_chunk = lua
             .load(script_contents.as_ref())
-            .set_name(script_name.as_ref())?
+            .set_name(script_name.as_ref())
             .into_function()?;
         let main_thread = lua.create_thread(main_chunk)?;
-        let main_thread_args = LuaValue::Nil.to_lua_multi(lua)?;
+        let main_thread_args = LuaValue::Nil.into_lua_multi(lua)?;
         sched.schedule_blocking(main_thread, main_thread_args)?;
         // Keep running the scheduler until there are either no tasks
         // left to run, or until a task requests to exit the process

packages/lib/src/lua/async_ext.rs

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub trait LuaAsyncExt {
     fn create_async_function<'lua, A, R, F, FR>(self, func: F) -> LuaResult<LuaFunction<'lua>>
     where
         A: FromLuaMulti<'static>,
-        R: ToLuaMulti<'static>,
+        R: IntoLuaMulti<'static>,
         F: 'static + Fn(&'lua Lua, A) -> FR,
         FR: 'static + Future<Output = LuaResult<R>>;
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ impl LuaAsyncExt for &'static Lua {
     fn create_async_function<'lua, A, R, F, FR>(self, func: F) -> LuaResult<LuaFunction<'lua>>
     where
         A: FromLuaMulti<'static>,
-        R: ToLuaMulti<'static>,
+        R: IntoLuaMulti<'static>,
         F: 'static + Fn(&'lua Lua, A) -> FR,
         FR: 'static + Future<Output = LuaResult<R>>,
     {
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ impl LuaAsyncExt for &'static Lua {
                         .expect("Missing task scheduler as a lua app data");
                     sched.queue_async_task(thread, None, async {
                         let rets = fut.await?;
-                        let mult = rets.to_lua_multi(lua)?;
+                        let mult = rets.into_lua_multi(lua)?;
                         Ok(Some(mult))
                     })
                 },
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ impl LuaAsyncExt for &'static Lua {
             .build_readonly()?;
         let async_func = self
             .load(ASYNC_IMPL_LUA)
-            .set_name("async")?
+            .set_name("async")
-            .set_environment(async_env)?
+            .set_environment(async_env)
             .into_function()?;
         Ok(async_func)
     }
@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ impl LuaAsyncExt for &'static Lua {
             .build_readonly()?;
         let async_func = self
             .load(WAIT_IMPL_LUA)
-            .set_name("wait")?
+            .set_name("wait")
-            .set_environment(async_env)?
+            .set_environment(async_env)
             .into_function()?;
         Ok(async_func)
     }

packages/lib/src/lua/create.rs

@@ -118,8 +118,8 @@ pub fn create() -> LuaResult<&'static Lua> {
     dbg_trace_env.set("format", string.get::<_, LuaFunction>("format")?)?;
     let dbg_trace_fn = lua
         .load(TRACE_IMPL_LUA)
-        .set_name("=dbg.trace")?
+        .set_name("=dbg.trace")
-        .set_environment(dbg_trace_env)?
+        .set_environment(dbg_trace_env)
         .into_function()?;
     lua.set_named_registry_value("dbg.trace", dbg_trace_fn)?;
     // Modify the _VERSION global to also contain the current version of Lune

packages/lib/src/lua/net/response.rs

@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for NetServeResponse {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for NetServeResponse {
+impl<'lua> IntoLua<'lua> for NetServeResponse {
-    fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> LuaResult<LuaValue<'lua>> {
+    fn into_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> LuaResult<LuaValue<'lua>> {
         if self.headers.len() > i32::MAX as usize {
             return Err(LuaError::ToLuaConversionError {
                 from: "NetServeResponse",
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for NetServeResponse {
                 message: Some("Too many header values".to_string()),
             });
         }
-        let body = self.body.map(|b| lua.create_string(&b)).transpose()?;
+        let body = self.body.map(|b| lua.create_string(b)).transpose()?;
         let headers = lua.create_table_with_capacity(0, self.headers.len() as i32)?;
         for (key, value) in self.headers {
             headers.set(key, lua.create_string(&value)?)?;

packages/lib/src/lua/net/websocket.rs

@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ where
         env: LuaTable<'lua>,
     ) -> LuaResult<LuaTable<'lua>> {
         lua.load(WEB_SOCKET_IMPL_LUA)
-            .set_name("websocket")?
+            .set_name("websocket")
-            .set_environment(env)?
+            .set_environment(env)
             .eval()
     }
 }
@@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ impl NetWebSocket<NetWebSocketStreamClient> {
             .with_async_function("next", next::<NetWebSocketStreamClient>)?
             .with_value(
                 "setmetatable",
-                lua.named_registry_value::<_, LuaFunction>("tab.setmeta")?,
+                lua.named_registry_value::<LuaFunction>("tab.setmeta")?,
             )?
             .with_value(
                 "freeze",
-                lua.named_registry_value::<_, LuaFunction>("tab.freeze")?,
+                lua.named_registry_value::<LuaFunction>("tab.freeze")?,
             )?
             .build_readonly()?;
         Self::into_lua_table_with_env(lua, socket_env)
@@ -111,11 +111,11 @@ impl NetWebSocket<NetWebSocketStreamServer> {
             .with_async_function("next", next::<NetWebSocketStreamServer>)?
             .with_value(
                 "setmetatable",
-                lua.named_registry_value::<_, LuaFunction>("tab.setmeta")?,
+                lua.named_registry_value::<LuaFunction>("tab.setmeta")?,
             )?
             .with_value(
                 "freeze",
-                lua.named_registry_value::<_, LuaFunction>("tab.freeze")?,
+                lua.named_registry_value::<LuaFunction>("tab.freeze")?,
             )?
             .build_readonly()?;
         Self::into_lua_table_with_env(lua, socket_env)
@@ -124,7 +124,10 @@ impl NetWebSocket<NetWebSocketStreamServer> {
 
 impl<T> LuaUserData for NetWebSocket<T> {}
 
-fn close_code<T>(_lua: &Lua, socket: NetWebSocket<T>) -> LuaResult<LuaValue>
+fn close_code<'lua, T>(
+    _lua: &'lua Lua,
+    socket: LuaUserDataRef<'lua, NetWebSocket<T>>,
+) -> LuaResult<LuaValue<'lua>>
 where
     T: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin,
 {
@@ -134,7 +137,10 @@ where
     })
 }
 
-async fn close<T>(_lua: &Lua, (socket, code): (NetWebSocket<T>, Option<u16>)) -> LuaResult<()>
+async fn close<'lua, T>(
+    _lua: &'lua Lua,
+    (socket, code): (LuaUserDataRef<'lua, NetWebSocket<T>>, Option<u16>),
+) -> LuaResult<()>
 where
     T: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin,
 {
@@ -154,9 +160,13 @@ where
     res.await.map_err(LuaError::external)
 }
 
-async fn send<T>(
+async fn send<'lua, T>(
-    _lua: &Lua,
+    _lua: &'lua Lua,
-    (socket, string, as_binary): (NetWebSocket<T>, LuaString<'_>, Option<bool>),
+    (socket, string, as_binary): (
+        LuaUserDataRef<'lua, NetWebSocket<T>>,
+        LuaString<'lua>,
+        Option<bool>,
+    ),
 ) -> LuaResult<()>
 where
     T: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin,
@@ -171,7 +181,10 @@ where
     ws.send(msg).await.map_err(LuaError::external)
 }
 
-async fn next<T>(lua: &Lua, socket: NetWebSocket<T>) -> LuaResult<LuaValue>
+async fn next<'lua, T>(
+    lua: &'lua Lua,
+    socket: LuaUserDataRef<'lua, NetWebSocket<T>>,
+) -> LuaResult<LuaValue<'lua>>
 where
     T: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin,
 {
@@ -188,8 +201,8 @@ where
     }?;
     while let Some(msg) = &msg {
         let msg_string_opt = match msg {
-            WsMessage::Binary(bin) => Some(lua.create_string(&bin)?),
+            WsMessage::Binary(bin) => Some(lua.create_string(bin)?),
-            WsMessage::Text(txt) => Some(lua.create_string(&txt)?),
+            WsMessage::Text(txt) => Some(lua.create_string(txt)?),
             // Stop waiting for next message if we get a close message
             WsMessage::Close(_) => return Ok(LuaValue::Nil),
             // Ignore ping/pong/frame messages, they are handled by tungstenite

packages/lib/src/lua/serde/encode_decode.rs

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ impl EncodeDecodeConfig {
                 s.as_bytes().to_vec()
             }
         };
-        lua.create_string(&bytes)
+        lua.create_string(bytes)
     }
 
     pub fn deserialize_from_string<'lua>(

packages/lib/src/lua/stdio/formatting.rs

@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ pub fn pretty_format_luau_error(e: &LuaError, colorized: bool) -> String {
             let msg = message
                 .clone()
                 .map_or_else(String::new, |m| format!("\nDetails:\n\t{m}"));
-            format!("Failed to convert Luau type '{from}' into Rust type '{to}'!{msg}")
+            format!("Expected argument of type '{to}', got '{from}'!{msg}")
         }
         e => format!("{e}"),
     };
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ fn call_table_tostring_metamethod<'a>(tab: &'a LuaTable<'a>) -> Option<String> {
 fn call_userdata_tostring_metamethod<'a>(tab: &'a LuaAnyUserData<'a>) -> Option<String> {
     let f = match tab.get_metatable() {
         Err(_) => None,
-        Ok(meta) => match meta.get::<_, LuaFunction>(LuaMetaMethod::ToString.name()) {
+        Ok(meta) => match meta.get::<LuaFunction>(LuaMetaMethod::ToString.name()) {
             Ok(method) => Some(method),
             Err(_) => None,
         },

packages/lib/src/lua/stdio/prompt.rs

@@ -179,13 +179,13 @@ pub enum PromptResult {
     None,
 }
 
-impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for PromptResult {
+impl<'lua> IntoLua<'lua> for PromptResult {
-    fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> LuaResult<LuaValue<'lua>> {
+    fn into_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> LuaResult<LuaValue<'lua>> {
         Ok(match self {
             Self::String(s) => LuaValue::String(lua.create_string(&s)?),
             Self::Boolean(b) => LuaValue::Boolean(b),
             Self::Index(i) => LuaValue::Number(i as f64),
-            Self::Indices(v) => v.to_lua(lua)?,
+            Self::Indices(v) => v.into_lua(lua)?,
             Self::None => LuaValue::Nil,
         })
     }

packages/lib/src/lua/table/builder.rs

@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ impl TableBuilder {
 
     pub fn with_value<K, V>(self, key: K, value: V) -> LuaResult<Self>
     where
-        K: ToLua<'static>,
+        K: IntoLua<'static>,
-        V: ToLua<'static>,
+        V: IntoLua<'static>,
     {
         self.tab.raw_set(key, value)?;
         Ok(self)
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ impl TableBuilder {
 
     pub fn with_values<K, V>(self, values: Vec<(K, V)>) -> LuaResult<Self>
     where
-        K: ToLua<'static>,
+        K: IntoLua<'static>,
-        V: ToLua<'static>,
+        V: IntoLua<'static>,
     {
         for (key, value) in values {
             self.tab.raw_set(key, value)?;
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ impl TableBuilder {
 
     pub fn with_sequential_value<V>(self, value: V) -> LuaResult<Self>
     where
-        V: ToLua<'static>,
+        V: IntoLua<'static>,
     {
         self.tab.raw_push(value)?;
         Ok(self)
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ impl TableBuilder {
 
     pub fn with_sequential_values<V>(self, values: Vec<V>) -> LuaResult<Self>
     where
-        V: ToLua<'static>,
+        V: IntoLua<'static>,
     {
         for value in values {
             self.tab.raw_push(value)?;
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ impl TableBuilder {
 
     pub fn with_function<K, A, R, F>(self, key: K, func: F) -> LuaResult<Self>
     where
-        K: ToLua<'static>,
+        K: IntoLua<'static>,
         A: FromLuaMulti<'static>,
-        R: ToLuaMulti<'static>,
+        R: IntoLuaMulti<'static>,
         F: 'static + Fn(&'static Lua, A) -> LuaResult<R>,
     {
         let f = self.lua.create_function(func)?;
@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ impl TableBuilder {
 
     pub fn with_async_function<K, A, R, F, FR>(self, key: K, func: F) -> LuaResult<Self>
     where
-        K: ToLua<'static>,
+        K: IntoLua<'static>,
         A: FromLuaMulti<'static>,
-        R: ToLuaMulti<'static>,
+        R: IntoLuaMulti<'static>,
         F: 'static + Fn(&'static Lua, A) -> FR,
         FR: 'static + Future<Output = LuaResult<R>>,
     {

packages/lib/src/lua/task/ext/async_ext.rs

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ pub trait TaskSchedulerAsyncExt<'fut> {
     ) -> LuaResult<TaskReference>
     where
         'sched: 'fut,
-        R: ToLuaMulti<'static>,
+        R: IntoLuaMulti<'static>,
         F: 'static + Fn(&'static Lua) -> FR,
         FR: 'static + Future<Output = LuaResult<R>>;
 
@@ -89,13 +89,13 @@ impl<'fut> TaskSchedulerAsyncExt<'fut> for TaskScheduler<'fut> {
     ) -> LuaResult<TaskReference>
     where
         'sched: 'fut, // Scheduler must live at least as long as the future
-        R: ToLuaMulti<'static>,
+        R: IntoLuaMulti<'static>,
         F: 'static + Fn(&'static Lua) -> FR,
         FR: 'static + Future<Output = LuaResult<R>>,
     {
         self.queue_async_task(thread, None, async move {
             match func(self.lua).await {
-                Ok(res) => match res.to_lua_multi(self.lua) {
+                Ok(res) => match res.into_lua_multi(self.lua) {
                     Ok(multi) => Ok(Some(multi)),
                     Err(e) => Err(e),
                 },
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ impl<'fut> TaskSchedulerAsyncExt<'fut> for TaskScheduler<'fut> {
             ))
             .await;
             let elapsed_secs = before.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
-            let args = elapsed_secs.to_lua_multi(self.lua).unwrap();
+            let args = elapsed_secs.into_lua_multi(self.lua).unwrap();
             (Some(reference), Ok(Some(args)))
         }));
         Ok(reference)

packages/lib/src/lua/task/proxy.rs

@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for LuaThreadOrFunction<'lua> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for LuaThreadOrFunction<'lua> {
+impl<'lua> IntoLua<'lua> for LuaThreadOrFunction<'lua> {
-    fn to_lua(self, _: &'lua Lua) -> LuaResult<LuaValue<'lua>> {
+    fn into_lua(self, _: &'lua Lua) -> LuaResult<LuaValue<'lua>> {
         match self {
             Self::Thread(t) => Ok(LuaValue::Thread(t)),
             Self::Function(f) => Ok(LuaValue::Function(f)),
@@ -87,8 +87,10 @@ impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for LuaThreadOrTaskReference<'lua> {
         match value {
             LuaValue::Thread(t) => Ok(Self::Thread(t)),
             LuaValue::UserData(u) => {
-                if let Ok(task) = TaskReference::from_lua(LuaValue::UserData(u), lua) {
+                if let Ok(task) =
-                    Ok(Self::TaskReference(task))
+                    LuaUserDataRef::<TaskReference>::from_lua(LuaValue::UserData(u), lua)
+                {
+                    Ok(Self::TaskReference(*task))
                 } else {
                     Err(LuaError::FromLuaConversionError {
                         from: tname,
@@ -106,10 +108,10 @@ impl<'lua> FromLua<'lua> for LuaThreadOrTaskReference<'lua> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'lua> ToLua<'lua> for LuaThreadOrTaskReference<'lua> {
+impl<'lua> IntoLua<'lua> for LuaThreadOrTaskReference<'lua> {
-    fn to_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> LuaResult<LuaValue<'lua>> {
+    fn into_lua(self, lua: &'lua Lua) -> LuaResult<LuaValue<'lua>> {
         match self {
-            Self::TaskReference(t) => t.to_lua(lua),
+            Self::TaskReference(t) => t.into_lua(lua),
             Self::Thread(t) => Ok(LuaValue::Thread(t)),
         }
     }

packages/lib/src/lua/task/scheduler.rs

@@ -70,12 +70,12 @@ impl<'fut> TaskScheduler<'fut> {
         let (tx, rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();
         let tasks_current_lua_error = Arc::new(AsyncMutex::new(None));
         let tasks_current_lua_error_inner = tasks_current_lua_error.clone();
-        lua.set_interrupt(
+        lua.set_interrupt(move |_| {
-            move || match tasks_current_lua_error_inner.try_lock().unwrap().take() {
+            match tasks_current_lua_error_inner.try_lock().unwrap().take() {
                 Some(err) => Err(err),
                 None => Ok(LuaVmState::Continue),
-            },
+            }
-        );
+        });
         Ok(Self {
             lua,
             guid: Cell::new(0),