diff --git a/Analysis/include/Luau/Connective.h b/Analysis/include/Luau/Connective.h
deleted file mode 100644
index d82bc4dd..00000000
--- a/Analysis/include/Luau/Connective.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-// This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
-#pragma once
-
-#include "Luau/Def.h"
-#include "Luau/TypedAllocator.h"
-#include "Luau/Variant.h"
-
-#include <memory>
-
-namespace Luau
-{
-
-struct Type;
-using TypeId = const Type*;
-
-struct Negation;
-struct Conjunction;
-struct Disjunction;
-struct Equivalence;
-struct Proposition;
-using Connective = Variant<Negation, Conjunction, Disjunction, Equivalence, Proposition>;
-using ConnectiveId = Connective*; // Can and most likely is nullptr.
-
-struct Negation
-{
-    ConnectiveId connective;
-};
-
-struct Conjunction
-{
-    ConnectiveId lhs;
-    ConnectiveId rhs;
-};
-
-struct Disjunction
-{
-    ConnectiveId lhs;
-    ConnectiveId rhs;
-};
-
-struct Equivalence
-{
-    ConnectiveId lhs;
-    ConnectiveId rhs;
-};
-
-struct Proposition
-{
-    DefId def;
-    TypeId discriminantTy;
-};
-
-template<typename T>
-const T* get(ConnectiveId connective)
-{
-    return get_if<T>(connective);
-}
-
-struct ConnectiveArena
-{
-    TypedAllocator<Connective> allocator;
-
-    ConnectiveId negation(ConnectiveId connective);
-    ConnectiveId conjunction(ConnectiveId lhs, ConnectiveId rhs);
-    ConnectiveId disjunction(ConnectiveId lhs, ConnectiveId rhs);
-    ConnectiveId equivalence(ConnectiveId lhs, ConnectiveId rhs);
-    ConnectiveId proposition(DefId def, TypeId discriminantTy);
-};
-
-} // namespace Luau
diff --git a/Analysis/include/Luau/Constraint.h b/Analysis/include/Luau/Constraint.h
index f814cb9f..8159b76b 100644
--- a/Analysis/include/Luau/Constraint.h
+++ b/Analysis/include/Luau/Constraint.h
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ struct BinaryConstraint
 
     // When we dispatch this constraint, we update the key at this map to record
     // the overload that we selected.
-    const void* astFragment;
-    DenseHashMap<const void*, TypeId>* astOriginalCallTypes;
-    DenseHashMap<const void*, TypeId>* astOverloadResolvedTypes;
+    const AstNode* astFragment;
+    DenseHashMap<const AstNode*, TypeId>* astOriginalCallTypes;
+    DenseHashMap<const AstNode*, TypeId>* astOverloadResolvedTypes;
 };
 
 // iteratee is iterable
diff --git a/Analysis/include/Luau/ConstraintGraphBuilder.h b/Analysis/include/Luau/ConstraintGraphBuilder.h
index aac99afc..29afabf3 100644
--- a/Analysis/include/Luau/ConstraintGraphBuilder.h
+++ b/Analysis/include/Luau/ConstraintGraphBuilder.h
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "Luau/Ast.h"
-#include "Luau/Connective.h"
+#include "Luau/Refinement.h"
 #include "Luau/Constraint.h"
 #include "Luau/DataFlowGraph.h"
 #include "Luau/Module.h"
@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ struct DcrLogger;
 struct Inference
 {
     TypeId ty = nullptr;
-    ConnectiveId connective = nullptr;
+    RefinementId refinement = nullptr;
 
     Inference() = default;
 
-    explicit Inference(TypeId ty, ConnectiveId connective = nullptr)
+    explicit Inference(TypeId ty, RefinementId refinement = nullptr)
         : ty(ty)
-        , connective(connective)
+        , refinement(refinement)
     {
     }
 };
@@ -41,13 +41,13 @@ struct Inference
 struct InferencePack
 {
     TypePackId tp = nullptr;
-    std::vector<ConnectiveId> connectives;
+    std::vector<RefinementId> refinements;
 
     InferencePack() = default;
 
-    explicit InferencePack(TypePackId tp, const std::vector<ConnectiveId>& connectives = {})
+    explicit InferencePack(TypePackId tp, const std::vector<RefinementId>& refinements = {})
         : tp(tp)
-        , connectives(connectives)
+        , refinements(refinements)
     {
     }
 };
@@ -74,35 +74,11 @@ struct ConstraintGraphBuilder
     // will enqueue them during solving.
     std::vector<ConstraintPtr> unqueuedConstraints;
 
-    // A mapping of AST node to TypeId.
-    DenseHashMap<const AstExpr*, TypeId> astTypes{nullptr};
-
-    // A mapping of AST node to TypePackId.
-    DenseHashMap<const AstExpr*, TypePackId> astTypePacks{nullptr};
-
-    DenseHashMap<const AstExpr*, TypeId> astExpectedTypes{nullptr};
-
-    // If the node was applied as a function, this is the unspecialized type of
-    // that expression.
-    DenseHashMap<const void*, TypeId> astOriginalCallTypes{nullptr};
-
-    // If overload resolution was performed on this element, this is the
-    // overload that was selected.
-    DenseHashMap<const void*, TypeId> astOverloadResolvedTypes{nullptr};
-
-
-
-    // Types resolved from type annotations. Analogous to astTypes.
-    DenseHashMap<const AstType*, TypeId> astResolvedTypes{nullptr};
-
-    // Type packs resolved from type annotations. Analogous to astTypePacks.
-    DenseHashMap<const AstTypePack*, TypePackId> astResolvedTypePacks{nullptr};
-
-    // Defining scopes for AST nodes.
+    // The private scope of type aliases for which the type parameters belong to.
     DenseHashMap<const AstStatTypeAlias*, ScopePtr> astTypeAliasDefiningScopes{nullptr};
 
     NotNull<const DataFlowGraph> dfg;
-    ConnectiveArena connectiveArena;
+    RefinementArena refinementArena;
 
     int recursionCount = 0;
 
@@ -156,7 +132,7 @@ struct ConstraintGraphBuilder
      */
     NotNull<Constraint> addConstraint(const ScopePtr& scope, std::unique_ptr<Constraint> c);
 
-    void applyRefinements(const ScopePtr& scope, Location location, ConnectiveId connective);
+    void applyRefinements(const ScopePtr& scope, Location location, RefinementId refinement);
 
     /**
      * The entry point to the ConstraintGraphBuilder. This will construct a set
@@ -213,7 +189,7 @@ struct ConstraintGraphBuilder
     Inference check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprTypeAssertion* typeAssert);
     Inference check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprInterpString* interpString);
     Inference check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprTable* expr, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType);
-    std::tuple<TypeId, TypeId, ConnectiveId> checkBinary(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprBinary* binary, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType);
+    std::tuple<TypeId, TypeId, RefinementId> checkBinary(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprBinary* binary, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType);
 
     TypePackId checkLValues(const ScopePtr& scope, AstArray<AstExpr*> exprs);
 
diff --git a/Analysis/include/Luau/Module.h b/Analysis/include/Luau/Module.h
index 2cd6802e..2faa0297 100644
--- a/Analysis/include/Luau/Module.h
+++ b/Analysis/include/Luau/Module.h
@@ -74,14 +74,13 @@ struct Module
     DenseHashMap<const AstExpr*, TypePackId> astTypePacks{nullptr};
     DenseHashMap<const AstExpr*, TypeId> astExpectedTypes{nullptr};
 
-    // Pointers are either AstExpr or AstStat.
-    DenseHashMap<const void*, TypeId> astOriginalCallTypes{nullptr};
-
-    // Pointers are either AstExpr or AstStat.
-    DenseHashMap<const void*, TypeId> astOverloadResolvedTypes{nullptr};
+    DenseHashMap<const AstNode*, TypeId> astOriginalCallTypes{nullptr};
+    DenseHashMap<const AstNode*, TypeId> astOverloadResolvedTypes{nullptr};
 
     DenseHashMap<const AstType*, TypeId> astResolvedTypes{nullptr};
+    DenseHashMap<const AstType*, TypeId> astOriginalResolvedTypes{nullptr};
     DenseHashMap<const AstTypePack*, TypePackId> astResolvedTypePacks{nullptr};
+
     // Map AST nodes to the scope they create.  Cannot be NotNull<Scope> because we need a sentinel value for the map.
     DenseHashMap<const AstNode*, Scope*> astScopes{nullptr};
 
diff --git a/Analysis/include/Luau/Refinement.h b/Analysis/include/Luau/Refinement.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3e1f234a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Analysis/include/Luau/Refinement.h
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+// This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
+#pragma once
+
+#include "Luau/Def.h"
+#include "Luau/TypedAllocator.h"
+#include "Luau/Variant.h"
+
+namespace Luau
+{
+
+struct Type;
+using TypeId = const Type*;
+
+struct Negation;
+struct Conjunction;
+struct Disjunction;
+struct Equivalence;
+struct Proposition;
+using Refinement = Variant<Negation, Conjunction, Disjunction, Equivalence, Proposition>;
+using RefinementId = Refinement*; // Can and most likely is nullptr.
+
+struct Negation
+{
+    RefinementId refinement;
+};
+
+struct Conjunction
+{
+    RefinementId lhs;
+    RefinementId rhs;
+};
+
+struct Disjunction
+{
+    RefinementId lhs;
+    RefinementId rhs;
+};
+
+struct Equivalence
+{
+    RefinementId lhs;
+    RefinementId rhs;
+};
+
+struct Proposition
+{
+    DefId def;
+    TypeId discriminantTy;
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+const T* get(RefinementId refinement)
+{
+    return get_if<T>(refinement);
+}
+
+struct RefinementArena
+{
+    TypedAllocator<Refinement> allocator;
+
+    RefinementId negation(RefinementId refinement);
+    RefinementId conjunction(RefinementId lhs, RefinementId rhs);
+    RefinementId disjunction(RefinementId lhs, RefinementId rhs);
+    RefinementId equivalence(RefinementId lhs, RefinementId rhs);
+    RefinementId proposition(DefId def, TypeId discriminantTy);
+};
+
+} // namespace Luau
diff --git a/Analysis/include/Luau/Type.h b/Analysis/include/Luau/Type.h
index 0136327d..6c8e1bc3 100644
--- a/Analysis/include/Luau/Type.h
+++ b/Analysis/include/Luau/Type.h
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 #include "Luau/Ast.h"
 #include "Luau/Common.h"
-#include "Luau/Connective.h"
+#include "Luau/Refinement.h"
 #include "Luau/DataFlowGraph.h"
 #include "Luau/DenseHash.h"
 #include "Luau/Def.h"
@@ -266,12 +266,12 @@ struct MagicRefinementContext
     ScopePtr scope;
     NotNull<struct ConstraintGraphBuilder> cgb;
     NotNull<const DataFlowGraph> dfg;
-    NotNull<ConnectiveArena> connectiveArena;
-    std::vector<ConnectiveId> argumentConnectives;
+    NotNull<RefinementArena> refinementArena;
+    std::vector<RefinementId> argumentRefinements;
     const class AstExprCall* callSite;
 };
 
-using DcrMagicRefinement = std::vector<ConnectiveId> (*)(const MagicRefinementContext&);
+using DcrMagicRefinement = std::vector<RefinementId> (*)(const MagicRefinementContext&);
 
 struct FunctionType
 {
diff --git a/Analysis/include/Luau/TypeReduction.h b/Analysis/include/Luau/TypeReduction.h
index 7cc16978..0ad034a4 100644
--- a/Analysis/include/Luau/TypeReduction.h
+++ b/Analysis/include/Luau/TypeReduction.h
@@ -32,11 +32,23 @@ struct TypeReduction
     explicit TypeReduction(
         NotNull<TypeArena> arena, NotNull<BuiltinTypes> builtinTypes, NotNull<InternalErrorReporter> handle, const TypeReductionOptions& opts = {});
 
+    TypeReduction(const TypeReduction&) = delete;
+    TypeReduction& operator=(const TypeReduction&) = delete;
+
+    TypeReduction(TypeReduction&&) = default;
+    TypeReduction& operator=(TypeReduction&&) = default;
+
     std::optional<TypeId> reduce(TypeId ty);
     std::optional<TypePackId> reduce(TypePackId tp);
     std::optional<TypeFun> reduce(const TypeFun& fun);
 
+    /// Creating a child TypeReduction will allow the parent TypeReduction to share its memoization with the child TypeReductions.
+    /// This is safe as long as the parent's TypeArena continues to outlive both TypeReduction memoization.
+    TypeReduction fork(NotNull<TypeArena> arena, const TypeReductionOptions& opts = {}) const;
+
 private:
+    const TypeReduction* parent = nullptr;
+
     NotNull<TypeArena> arena;
     NotNull<BuiltinTypes> builtinTypes;
     NotNull<struct InternalErrorReporter> handle;
@@ -50,6 +62,9 @@ private:
 
     bool hasExceededCartesianProductLimit(TypeId ty) const;
     bool hasExceededCartesianProductLimit(TypePackId tp) const;
+
+    std::optional<TypeId> memoizedof(TypeId ty) const;
+    std::optional<TypePackId> memoizedof(TypePackId tp) const;
 };
 
 } // namespace Luau
diff --git a/Analysis/include/Luau/Unifier.h b/Analysis/include/Luau/Unifier.h
index cd3e856d..988ad9c6 100644
--- a/Analysis/include/Luau/Unifier.h
+++ b/Analysis/include/Luau/Unifier.h
@@ -95,8 +95,7 @@ private:
     void tryUnifyScalarShape(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool reversed);
     void tryUnifyWithMetatable(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool reversed);
     void tryUnifyWithClass(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool reversed);
-    void tryUnifyTypeWithNegation(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy);
-    void tryUnifyNegationWithType(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy);
+    void tryUnifyNegations(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy);
 
     TypePackId tryApplyOverloadedFunction(TypeId function, const NormalizedFunctionType& overloads, TypePackId args);
 
diff --git a/Analysis/src/Autocomplete.cpp b/Analysis/src/Autocomplete.cpp
index 4e5403f8..dd6e1146 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/Autocomplete.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/Autocomplete.cpp
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@
 #include "Luau/ToString.h"
 #include "Luau/TypeInfer.h"
 #include "Luau/TypePack.h"
+#include "Luau/TypeReduction.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <utility>
 
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauCompleteTableKeysBetter, false);
-LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauFixAutocompleteInIf, false);
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauFixAutocompleteInWhile, false);
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauFixAutocompleteInFor, false);
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauAutocompleteStringContent, false);
@@ -1534,20 +1534,13 @@ static AutocompleteResult autocomplete(const SourceModule& sourceModule, const M
     }
     else if (AstStatIf* statIf = extractStat<AstStatIf>(ancestry);
              statIf && (!statIf->thenLocation || statIf->thenLocation->containsClosed(position)) &&
-             (!FFlag::LuauFixAutocompleteInIf || (statIf->condition && !statIf->condition->location.containsClosed(position))))
+             (statIf->condition && !statIf->condition->location.containsClosed(position)))
     {
-        if (FFlag::LuauFixAutocompleteInIf)
-        {
-            AutocompleteEntryMap ret;
-            ret["then"] = {AutocompleteEntryKind::Keyword};
-            ret["and"] = {AutocompleteEntryKind::Keyword};
-            ret["or"] = {AutocompleteEntryKind::Keyword};
-            return {std::move(ret), ancestry, AutocompleteContext::Keyword};
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            return {{{"then", AutocompleteEntry{AutocompleteEntryKind::Keyword}}}, ancestry, AutocompleteContext::Keyword};
-        }
+        AutocompleteEntryMap ret;
+        ret["then"] = {AutocompleteEntryKind::Keyword};
+        ret["and"] = {AutocompleteEntryKind::Keyword};
+        ret["or"] = {AutocompleteEntryKind::Keyword};
+        return {std::move(ret), ancestry, AutocompleteContext::Keyword};
     }
     else if (AstStatRepeat* statRepeat = node->as<AstStatRepeat>(); statRepeat && statRepeat->condition->is<AstExprError>())
         return autocompleteExpression(sourceModule, *module, builtinTypes, typeArena, ancestry, position);
@@ -1671,7 +1664,6 @@ AutocompleteResult autocomplete(Frontend& frontend, const ModuleName& moduleName
         return {};
 
     ModulePtr module = frontend.moduleResolverForAutocomplete.getModule(moduleName);
-
     if (!module)
         return {};
 
diff --git a/Analysis/src/BuiltinDefinitions.cpp b/Analysis/src/BuiltinDefinitions.cpp
index 1a5a6bf6..006df6e4 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/BuiltinDefinitions.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/BuiltinDefinitions.cpp
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ static bool dcrMagicFunctionSelect(MagicFunctionCallContext context);
 static bool dcrMagicFunctionRequire(MagicFunctionCallContext context);
 static bool dcrMagicFunctionPack(MagicFunctionCallContext context);
 
-static std::vector<ConnectiveId> dcrMagicRefinementAssert(const MagicRefinementContext& context);
+static std::vector<RefinementId> dcrMagicRefinementAssert(const MagicRefinementContext& context);
 
 TypeId makeUnion(TypeArena& arena, std::vector<TypeId>&& types)
 {
@@ -624,12 +624,12 @@ static std::optional<WithPredicate<TypePackId>> magicFunctionAssert(
     return WithPredicate<TypePackId>{arena.addTypePack(TypePack{std::move(head), tail})};
 }
 
-static std::vector<ConnectiveId> dcrMagicRefinementAssert(const MagicRefinementContext& ctx)
+static std::vector<RefinementId> dcrMagicRefinementAssert(const MagicRefinementContext& ctx)
 {
-    if (ctx.argumentConnectives.empty())
+    if (ctx.argumentRefinements.empty())
         return {};
 
-    ctx.cgb->applyRefinements(ctx.scope, ctx.callSite->location, ctx.argumentConnectives[0]);
+    ctx.cgb->applyRefinements(ctx.scope, ctx.callSite->location, ctx.argumentRefinements[0]);
     return {};
 }
 
diff --git a/Analysis/src/ConstraintGraphBuilder.cpp b/Analysis/src/ConstraintGraphBuilder.cpp
index b6184e36..09182f57 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/ConstraintGraphBuilder.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/ConstraintGraphBuilder.cpp
@@ -191,16 +191,16 @@ static void unionRefinements(const std::unordered_map<DefId, TypeId>& lhs, const
     }
 }
 
-static void computeRefinement(const ScopePtr& scope, ConnectiveId connective, std::unordered_map<DefId, TypeId>* refis, bool sense,
+static void computeRefinement(const ScopePtr& scope, RefinementId refinement, std::unordered_map<DefId, TypeId>* refis, bool sense,
     NotNull<TypeArena> arena, bool eq, std::vector<ConstraintV>* constraints)
 {
     using RefinementMap = std::unordered_map<DefId, TypeId>;
 
-    if (!connective)
+    if (!refinement)
         return;
-    else if (auto negation = get<Negation>(connective))
-        return computeRefinement(scope, negation->connective, refis, !sense, arena, eq, constraints);
-    else if (auto conjunction = get<Conjunction>(connective))
+    else if (auto negation = get<Negation>(refinement))
+        return computeRefinement(scope, negation->refinement, refis, !sense, arena, eq, constraints);
+    else if (auto conjunction = get<Conjunction>(refinement))
     {
         RefinementMap lhsRefis;
         RefinementMap rhsRefis;
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ static void computeRefinement(const ScopePtr& scope, ConnectiveId connective, st
         if (!sense)
             unionRefinements(lhsRefis, rhsRefis, *refis, arena);
     }
-    else if (auto disjunction = get<Disjunction>(connective))
+    else if (auto disjunction = get<Disjunction>(refinement))
     {
         RefinementMap lhsRefis;
         RefinementMap rhsRefis;
@@ -222,12 +222,12 @@ static void computeRefinement(const ScopePtr& scope, ConnectiveId connective, st
         if (sense)
             unionRefinements(lhsRefis, rhsRefis, *refis, arena);
     }
-    else if (auto equivalence = get<Equivalence>(connective))
+    else if (auto equivalence = get<Equivalence>(refinement))
     {
         computeRefinement(scope, equivalence->lhs, refis, sense, arena, true, constraints);
         computeRefinement(scope, equivalence->rhs, refis, sense, arena, true, constraints);
     }
-    else if (auto proposition = get<Proposition>(connective))
+    else if (auto proposition = get<Proposition>(refinement))
     {
         TypeId discriminantTy = proposition->discriminantTy;
         if (!sense && !eq)
@@ -264,14 +264,14 @@ static std::pair<DefId, TypeId> computeDiscriminantType(NotNull<TypeArena> arena
     return {def, discriminantTy};
 }
 
-void ConstraintGraphBuilder::applyRefinements(const ScopePtr& scope, Location location, ConnectiveId connective)
+void ConstraintGraphBuilder::applyRefinements(const ScopePtr& scope, Location location, RefinementId refinement)
 {
-    if (!connective)
+    if (!refinement)
         return;
 
     std::unordered_map<DefId, TypeId> refinements;
     std::vector<ConstraintV> constraints;
-    computeRefinement(scope, connective, &refinements, /*sense*/ true, arena, /*eq*/ false, &constraints);
+    computeRefinement(scope, refinement, &refinements, /*sense*/ true, arena, /*eq*/ false, &constraints);
 
     for (auto [def, discriminantTy] : refinements)
     {
@@ -559,7 +559,10 @@ void ConstraintGraphBuilder::visit(const ScopePtr& scope, AstStatLocal* local)
 
 void ConstraintGraphBuilder::visit(const ScopePtr& scope, AstStatFor* for_)
 {
-    auto checkNumber = [&](AstExpr* expr) {
+    if (for_->var->annotation)
+        resolveType(scope, for_->var->annotation, /* inTypeArguments */ false);
+
+    auto inferNumber = [&](AstExpr* expr) {
         if (!expr)
             return;
 
@@ -567,9 +570,9 @@ void ConstraintGraphBuilder::visit(const ScopePtr& scope, AstStatFor* for_)
         addConstraint(scope, expr->location, SubtypeConstraint{t, builtinTypes->numberType});
     };
 
-    checkNumber(for_->from);
-    checkNumber(for_->to);
-    checkNumber(for_->step);
+    inferNumber(for_->from);
+    inferNumber(for_->to);
+    inferNumber(for_->step);
 
     ScopePtr forScope = childScope(for_, scope);
     forScope->bindings[for_->var] = Binding{builtinTypes->numberType, for_->var->location};
@@ -770,23 +773,23 @@ void ConstraintGraphBuilder::visit(const ScopePtr& scope, AstStatCompoundAssign*
 
     TypeId resultType = arena->addType(BlockedType{});
     addConstraint(scope, assign->location,
-        BinaryConstraint{assign->op, varId, valueInf.ty, resultType, assign, &astOriginalCallTypes, &astOverloadResolvedTypes});
+        BinaryConstraint{assign->op, varId, valueInf.ty, resultType, assign, &module->astOriginalCallTypes, &module->astOverloadResolvedTypes});
     addConstraint(scope, assign->location, SubtypeConstraint{resultType, varId});
 }
 
 void ConstraintGraphBuilder::visit(const ScopePtr& scope, AstStatIf* ifStatement)
 {
     ScopePtr condScope = childScope(ifStatement->condition, scope);
-    auto [_, connective] = check(condScope, ifStatement->condition, std::nullopt);
+    auto [_, refinement] = check(condScope, ifStatement->condition, std::nullopt);
 
     ScopePtr thenScope = childScope(ifStatement->thenbody, scope);
-    applyRefinements(thenScope, Location{}, connective);
+    applyRefinements(thenScope, Location{}, refinement);
     visit(thenScope, ifStatement->thenbody);
 
     if (ifStatement->elsebody)
     {
         ScopePtr elseScope = childScope(ifStatement->elsebody, scope);
-        applyRefinements(elseScope, Location{}, connectiveArena.negation(connective));
+        applyRefinements(elseScope, Location{}, refinementArena.negation(refinement));
         visit(elseScope, ifStatement->elsebody);
     }
 }
@@ -1049,7 +1052,7 @@ InferencePack ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkPack(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExpr*
     }
 
     LUAU_ASSERT(result.tp);
-    astTypePacks[expr] = result.tp;
+    module->astTypePacks[expr] = result.tp;
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -1096,7 +1099,7 @@ InferencePack ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkPack(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprCa
 
     std::vector<TypeId> args;
     std::optional<TypePackId> argTail;
-    std::vector<ConnectiveId> argumentConnectives;
+    std::vector<RefinementId> argumentRefinements;
 
     Checkpoint argCheckpoint = checkpoint(this);
 
@@ -1113,7 +1116,7 @@ InferencePack ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkPack(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprCa
             // computing fnType.  If computing that did not cause us to exceed a
             // recursion limit, we can fetch it from astTypes rather than
             // recomputing it.
-            TypeId* selfTy = astTypes.find(exprArgs[0]);
+            TypeId* selfTy = module->astTypes.find(exprArgs[0]);
             if (selfTy)
                 args.push_back(*selfTy);
             else
@@ -1121,9 +1124,9 @@ InferencePack ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkPack(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprCa
         }
         else if (i < exprArgs.size() - 1 || !(arg->is<AstExprCall>() || arg->is<AstExprVarargs>()))
         {
-            auto [ty, connective] = check(scope, arg, expectedType);
+            auto [ty, refinement] = check(scope, arg, expectedType);
             args.push_back(ty);
-            argumentConnectives.push_back(connective);
+            argumentRefinements.push_back(refinement);
         }
         else
             argTail = checkPack(scope, arg, {}).tp; // FIXME? not sure about expectedTypes here
@@ -1137,11 +1140,11 @@ InferencePack ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkPack(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprCa
         constraint->dependencies.push_back(extractArgsConstraint);
     });
 
-    std::vector<ConnectiveId> returnConnectives;
+    std::vector<RefinementId> returnRefinements;
     if (auto ftv = get<FunctionType>(follow(fnType)); ftv && ftv->dcrMagicRefinement)
     {
-        MagicRefinementContext ctx{scope, NotNull{this}, dfg, NotNull{&connectiveArena}, std::move(argumentConnectives), call};
-        returnConnectives = ftv->dcrMagicRefinement(ctx);
+        MagicRefinementContext ctx{scope, NotNull{this}, dfg, NotNull{&refinementArena}, std::move(argumentRefinements), call};
+        returnRefinements = ftv->dcrMagicRefinement(ctx);
     }
 
     if (matchSetmetatable(*call))
@@ -1169,11 +1172,11 @@ InferencePack ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkPack(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprCa
         }
 
 
-        return InferencePack{arena->addTypePack({resultTy}), std::move(returnConnectives)};
+        return InferencePack{arena->addTypePack({resultTy}), std::move(returnRefinements)};
     }
     else
     {
-        astOriginalCallTypes[call->func] = fnType;
+        module->astOriginalCallTypes[call->func] = fnType;
 
         TypeId instantiatedType = arena->addType(BlockedType{});
         // TODO: How do expectedTypes play into this?  Do they?
@@ -1208,7 +1211,7 @@ InferencePack ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkPack(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprCa
             fcc->dependencies.emplace_back(constraint.get());
         });
 
-        return InferencePack{rets, std::move(returnConnectives)};
+        return InferencePack{rets, std::move(returnRefinements)};
     }
 }
 
@@ -1261,7 +1264,7 @@ Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExpr* expr, st
             gc->dependencies.emplace_back(constraint.get());
         });
 
-        return Inference{generalizedTy};
+        result = Inference{generalizedTy};
     }
     else if (auto indexName = expr->as<AstExprIndexName>())
         result = check(scope, indexName);
@@ -1294,9 +1297,9 @@ Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExpr* expr, st
     }
 
     LUAU_ASSERT(result.ty);
-    astTypes[expr] = result.ty;
+    module->astTypes[expr] = result.ty;
     if (expectedType)
-        astExpectedTypes[expr] = *expectedType;
+        module->astExpectedTypes[expr] = *expectedType;
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -1366,7 +1369,7 @@ Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprLocal* loc
         return Inference{builtinTypes->errorRecoveryType()}; // TODO: replace with ice, locals should never exist before its definition.
 
     if (def)
-        return Inference{*resultTy, connectiveArena.proposition(*def, builtinTypes->truthyType)};
+        return Inference{*resultTy, refinementArena.proposition(*def, builtinTypes->truthyType)};
     else
         return Inference{*resultTy};
 }
@@ -1456,7 +1459,7 @@ Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprIndexName*
     if (def)
     {
         if (auto ty = scope->lookup(*def))
-            return Inference{*ty, connectiveArena.proposition(*def, builtinTypes->truthyType)};
+            return Inference{*ty, refinementArena.proposition(*def, builtinTypes->truthyType)};
         else
             scope->dcrRefinements[*def] = result;
     }
@@ -1470,7 +1473,7 @@ Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprIndexName*
     addConstraint(scope, indexName->expr->location, SubtypeConstraint{obj, expectedTableType});
 
     if (def)
-        return Inference{result, connectiveArena.proposition(*def, builtinTypes->truthyType)};
+        return Inference{result, refinementArena.proposition(*def, builtinTypes->truthyType)};
     else
         return Inference{result};
 }
@@ -1492,48 +1495,40 @@ Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprIndexExpr*
 
 Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprUnary* unary)
 {
-    auto [operandType, connective] = check(scope, unary->expr);
+    auto [operandType, refinement] = check(scope, unary->expr);
     TypeId resultType = arena->addType(BlockedType{});
     addConstraint(scope, unary->location, UnaryConstraint{unary->op, operandType, resultType});
 
     if (unary->op == AstExprUnary::Not)
-        return Inference{resultType, connectiveArena.negation(connective)};
+        return Inference{resultType, refinementArena.negation(refinement)};
     else
         return Inference{resultType};
 }
 
 Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprBinary* binary, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType)
 {
-    auto [leftType, rightType, connective] = checkBinary(scope, binary, expectedType);
+    auto [leftType, rightType, refinement] = checkBinary(scope, binary, expectedType);
 
     TypeId resultType = arena->addType(BlockedType{});
     addConstraint(scope, binary->location,
-        BinaryConstraint{binary->op, leftType, rightType, resultType, binary, &astOriginalCallTypes, &astOverloadResolvedTypes});
-    return Inference{resultType, std::move(connective)};
+        BinaryConstraint{binary->op, leftType, rightType, resultType, binary, &module->astOriginalCallTypes, &module->astOverloadResolvedTypes});
+    return Inference{resultType, std::move(refinement)};
 }
 
 Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprIfElse* ifElse, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType)
 {
     ScopePtr condScope = childScope(ifElse->condition, scope);
-    auto [_, connective] = check(scope, ifElse->condition);
+    auto [_, refinement] = check(scope, ifElse->condition);
 
     ScopePtr thenScope = childScope(ifElse->trueExpr, scope);
-    applyRefinements(thenScope, ifElse->trueExpr->location, connective);
+    applyRefinements(thenScope, ifElse->trueExpr->location, refinement);
     TypeId thenType = check(thenScope, ifElse->trueExpr, expectedType).ty;
 
     ScopePtr elseScope = childScope(ifElse->falseExpr, scope);
-    applyRefinements(elseScope, ifElse->falseExpr->location, connectiveArena.negation(connective));
+    applyRefinements(elseScope, ifElse->falseExpr->location, refinementArena.negation(refinement));
     TypeId elseType = check(elseScope, ifElse->falseExpr, expectedType).ty;
 
-    if (ifElse->hasElse)
-    {
-        TypeId resultType = expectedType ? *expectedType : freshType(scope);
-        addConstraint(scope, ifElse->trueExpr->location, SubtypeConstraint{thenType, resultType});
-        addConstraint(scope, ifElse->falseExpr->location, SubtypeConstraint{elseType, resultType});
-        return Inference{resultType};
-    }
-
-    return Inference{thenType};
+    return Inference{expectedType ? *expectedType : arena->addType(UnionType{{thenType, elseType}})};
 }
 
 Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprTypeAssertion* typeAssert)
@@ -1550,28 +1545,28 @@ Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprInterpStri
     return Inference{builtinTypes->stringType};
 }
 
-std::tuple<TypeId, TypeId, ConnectiveId> ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkBinary(
+std::tuple<TypeId, TypeId, RefinementId> ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkBinary(
     const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprBinary* binary, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType)
 {
     if (binary->op == AstExprBinary::And)
     {
-        auto [leftType, leftConnective] = check(scope, binary->left, expectedType);
+        auto [leftType, leftRefinement] = check(scope, binary->left, expectedType);
 
         ScopePtr rightScope = childScope(binary->right, scope);
-        applyRefinements(rightScope, binary->right->location, leftConnective);
-        auto [rightType, rightConnective] = check(rightScope, binary->right, expectedType);
+        applyRefinements(rightScope, binary->right->location, leftRefinement);
+        auto [rightType, rightRefinement] = check(rightScope, binary->right, expectedType);
 
-        return {leftType, rightType, connectiveArena.conjunction(leftConnective, rightConnective)};
+        return {leftType, rightType, refinementArena.conjunction(leftRefinement, rightRefinement)};
     }
     else if (binary->op == AstExprBinary::Or)
     {
-        auto [leftType, leftConnective] = check(scope, binary->left, expectedType);
+        auto [leftType, leftRefinement] = check(scope, binary->left, expectedType);
 
         ScopePtr rightScope = childScope(binary->right, scope);
-        applyRefinements(rightScope, binary->right->location, connectiveArena.negation(leftConnective));
-        auto [rightType, rightConnective] = check(rightScope, binary->right, expectedType);
+        applyRefinements(rightScope, binary->right->location, refinementArena.negation(leftRefinement));
+        auto [rightType, rightRefinement] = check(rightScope, binary->right, expectedType);
 
-        return {leftType, rightType, connectiveArena.disjunction(leftConnective, rightConnective)};
+        return {leftType, rightType, refinementArena.disjunction(leftRefinement, rightRefinement)};
     }
     else if (auto typeguard = matchTypeGuard(binary))
     {
@@ -1613,11 +1608,11 @@ std::tuple<TypeId, TypeId, ConnectiveId> ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkBinary(
                 discriminantTy = ty;
         }
 
-        ConnectiveId proposition = connectiveArena.proposition(*def, discriminantTy);
+        RefinementId proposition = refinementArena.proposition(*def, discriminantTy);
         if (binary->op == AstExprBinary::CompareEq)
             return {leftType, rightType, proposition};
         else if (binary->op == AstExprBinary::CompareNe)
-            return {leftType, rightType, connectiveArena.negation(proposition)};
+            return {leftType, rightType, refinementArena.negation(proposition)};
         else
             ice->ice("matchTypeGuard should only return a Some under `==` or `~=`!");
     }
@@ -1626,21 +1621,21 @@ std::tuple<TypeId, TypeId, ConnectiveId> ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkBinary(
         TypeId leftType = check(scope, binary->left, expectedType, true).ty;
         TypeId rightType = check(scope, binary->right, expectedType, true).ty;
 
-        ConnectiveId leftConnective = nullptr;
+        RefinementId leftRefinement = nullptr;
         if (auto def = dfg->getDef(binary->left))
-            leftConnective = connectiveArena.proposition(*def, rightType);
+            leftRefinement = refinementArena.proposition(*def, rightType);
 
-        ConnectiveId rightConnective = nullptr;
+        RefinementId rightRefinement = nullptr;
         if (auto def = dfg->getDef(binary->right))
-            rightConnective = connectiveArena.proposition(*def, leftType);
+            rightRefinement = refinementArena.proposition(*def, leftType);
 
         if (binary->op == AstExprBinary::CompareNe)
         {
-            leftConnective = connectiveArena.negation(leftConnective);
-            rightConnective = connectiveArena.negation(rightConnective);
+            leftRefinement = refinementArena.negation(leftRefinement);
+            rightRefinement = refinementArena.negation(rightRefinement);
         }
 
-        return {leftType, rightType, connectiveArena.equivalence(leftConnective, rightConnective)};
+        return {leftType, rightType, refinementArena.equivalence(leftRefinement, rightRefinement)};
     }
     else
     {
@@ -1737,13 +1732,13 @@ TypeId ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExpr* expr)
     for (size_t i = 0; i < segments.size(); ++i)
     {
         TypeId segmentTy = arena->addType(BlockedType{});
-        astTypes[exprs[i]] = segmentTy;
+        module->astTypes[exprs[i]] = segmentTy;
         addConstraint(scope, expr->location, HasPropConstraint{segmentTy, prevSegmentTy, segments[i]});
         prevSegmentTy = segmentTy;
     }
 
-    astTypes[expr] = prevSegmentTy;
-    astTypes[e] = updatedType;
+    module->astTypes[expr] = prevSegmentTy;
+    module->astTypes[e] = updatedType;
     // astTypes[expr] = propTy;
 
     return propTy;
@@ -1895,6 +1890,10 @@ ConstraintGraphBuilder::FunctionSignature ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkFunctionS
         if (local->annotation)
         {
             annotationTy = resolveType(signatureScope, local->annotation, /* inTypeArguments */ false);
+            // If we provide an annotation that is wrong, type inference should ignore the annotation
+            // and try to infer a fresh type, like in the old solver
+            if (get<ErrorType>(follow(annotationTy)))
+                annotationTy = freshType(signatureScope);
             addConstraint(signatureScope, local->annotation->location, SubtypeConstraint{t, annotationTy});
         }
         else if (i < expectedArgPack.head.size())
@@ -1964,7 +1963,7 @@ ConstraintGraphBuilder::FunctionSignature ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkFunctionS
 
     TypeId actualFunctionType = arena->addType(std::move(actualFunction));
     LUAU_ASSERT(actualFunctionType);
-    astTypes[fn] = actualFunctionType;
+    module->astTypes[fn] = actualFunctionType;
 
     if (expectedType && get<FreeType>(*expectedType))
     {
@@ -2214,7 +2213,7 @@ TypeId ConstraintGraphBuilder::resolveType(const ScopePtr& scope, AstType* ty, b
         result = builtinTypes->errorRecoveryType();
     }
 
-    astResolvedTypes[ty] = result;
+    module->astResolvedTypes[ty] = result;
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -2248,7 +2247,7 @@ TypePackId ConstraintGraphBuilder::resolveTypePack(const ScopePtr& scope, AstTyp
         result = builtinTypes->errorRecoveryTypePack();
     }
 
-    astResolvedTypePacks[tp] = result;
+    module->astResolvedTypePacks[tp] = result;
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -2307,13 +2306,13 @@ std::vector<std::pair<Name, GenericTypePackDefinition>> ConstraintGraphBuilder::
 
 Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::flattenPack(const ScopePtr& scope, Location location, InferencePack pack)
 {
-    const auto& [tp, connectives] = pack;
-    ConnectiveId connective = nullptr;
-    if (!connectives.empty())
-        connective = connectives[0];
+    const auto& [tp, refinements] = pack;
+    RefinementId refinement = nullptr;
+    if (!refinements.empty())
+        refinement = refinements[0];
 
     if (auto f = first(tp))
-        return Inference{*f, connective};
+        return Inference{*f, refinement};
 
     TypeId typeResult = freshType(scope);
     TypePack onePack{{typeResult}, freshTypePack(scope)};
@@ -2321,7 +2320,7 @@ Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::flattenPack(const ScopePtr& scope, Location lo
 
     addConstraint(scope, location, PackSubtypeConstraint{tp, oneTypePack});
 
-    return Inference{typeResult, connective};
+    return Inference{typeResult, refinement};
 }
 
 void ConstraintGraphBuilder::reportError(Location location, TypeErrorData err)
diff --git a/Analysis/src/ConstraintSolver.cpp b/Analysis/src/ConstraintSolver.cpp
index 0a9b82ba..96d16c43 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/ConstraintSolver.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/ConstraintSolver.cpp
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ bool ConstraintSolver::tryDispatch(const UnaryConstraint& c, NotNull<const Const
     }
     case AstExprUnary::Minus:
     {
-        if (isNumber(operandType) || get<AnyType>(operandType) || get<ErrorType>(operandType))
+        if (isNumber(operandType) || get<AnyType>(operandType) || get<ErrorType>(operandType) || get<NeverType>(operandType))
         {
             asMutable(c.resultType)->ty.emplace<BoundType>(c.operandType);
         }
@@ -1415,7 +1415,7 @@ bool ConstraintSolver::tryDispatch(const SetPropConstraint& c, NotNull<const Con
         bind(c.resultType, subjectType);
         return true;
     }
-    else if (get<AnyType>(subjectType) || get<ErrorType>(subjectType))
+    else if (get<AnyType>(subjectType) || get<ErrorType>(subjectType) || get<NeverType>(subjectType))
     {
         bind(c.resultType, subjectType);
         return true;
diff --git a/Analysis/src/Frontend.cpp b/Analysis/src/Frontend.cpp
index d200df34..94342cca 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/Frontend.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/Frontend.cpp
@@ -579,6 +579,7 @@ CheckResult Frontend::check(const ModuleName& name, std::optional<FrontendOption
                 module->astOriginalCallTypes.clear();
                 module->astOverloadResolvedTypes.clear();
                 module->astResolvedTypes.clear();
+                module->astOriginalResolvedTypes.clear();
                 module->astResolvedTypePacks.clear();
                 module->astScopes.clear();
 
@@ -591,6 +592,7 @@ CheckResult Frontend::check(const ModuleName& name, std::optional<FrontendOption
                 module->astOriginalCallTypes.clear();
                 module->astResolvedTypes.clear();
                 module->astResolvedTypePacks.clear();
+                module->astOriginalResolvedTypes.clear();
                 module->scopes.resize(1);
             }
         }
@@ -922,23 +924,22 @@ ModulePtr Frontend::check(
 
     for (TypeError& e : cs.errors)
         result->errors.emplace_back(std::move(e));
+
     result->scopes = std::move(cgb.scopes);
-    result->astTypes = std::move(cgb.astTypes);
-    result->astTypePacks = std::move(cgb.astTypePacks);
-    result->astExpectedTypes = std::move(cgb.astExpectedTypes);
-    result->astOriginalCallTypes = std::move(cgb.astOriginalCallTypes);
-    result->astOverloadResolvedTypes = std::move(cgb.astOverloadResolvedTypes);
-    result->astResolvedTypes = std::move(cgb.astResolvedTypes);
-    result->astResolvedTypePacks = std::move(cgb.astResolvedTypePacks);
     result->type = sourceModule.type;
 
     result->clonePublicInterface(builtinTypes, iceHandler);
 
+    Luau::check(builtinTypes, logger.get(), sourceModule, result.get());
+
+    // Ideally we freeze the arenas before the call into Luau::check, but TypeReduction
+    // needs to allocate new types while Luau::check is in progress, so here we are.
+    //
+    // It does mean that mutations to the type graph can happen after the constraints
+    // have been solved, which will cause hard-to-debug problems. We should revisit this.
     freeze(result->internalTypes);
     freeze(result->interfaceTypes);
 
-    Luau::check(builtinTypes, logger.get(), sourceModule, result.get());
-
     if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogSolverToJson)
     {
         std::string output = logger->compileOutput();
diff --git a/Analysis/src/Linter.cpp b/Analysis/src/Linter.cpp
index 752259bd..65ad8a82 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/Linter.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/Linter.cpp
@@ -2616,10 +2616,6 @@ private:
             emitWarning(*context, LintWarning::Code_IntegerParsing, node->location,
                 "Hexadecimal number literal exceeded available precision and has been truncated to 2^64");
             break;
-        case ConstantNumberParseResult::DoublePrefix:
-            emitWarning(*context, LintWarning::Code_IntegerParsing, node->location,
-                "Hexadecimal number literal has a double prefix, which will fail to parse in the future; remove the extra 0x to fix");
-            break;
         }
 
         return true;
diff --git a/Analysis/src/Module.cpp b/Analysis/src/Module.cpp
index e54a4493..a9faded5 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/Module.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/Module.cpp
@@ -232,9 +232,6 @@ void Module::clonePublicInterface(NotNull<BuiltinTypes> builtinTypes, InternalEr
         this->returnType = moduleScope->returnType;
         this->exportedTypeBindings = std::move(moduleScope->exportedTypeBindings);
     }
-
-    freeze(internalTypes);
-    freeze(interfaceTypes);
 }
 
 bool Module::hasModuleScope() const
diff --git a/Analysis/src/Connective.cpp b/Analysis/src/Refinement.cpp
similarity index 50%
rename from Analysis/src/Connective.cpp
rename to Analysis/src/Refinement.cpp
index 114b5f2f..fb019f1d 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/Connective.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/Refinement.cpp
@@ -1,30 +1,30 @@
 // This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
-#include "Luau/Connective.h"
+#include "Luau/Refinement.h"
 
 namespace Luau
 {
 
-ConnectiveId ConnectiveArena::negation(ConnectiveId connective)
+RefinementId RefinementArena::negation(RefinementId refinement)
 {
-    return NotNull{allocator.allocate(Negation{connective})};
+    return NotNull{allocator.allocate(Negation{refinement})};
 }
 
-ConnectiveId ConnectiveArena::conjunction(ConnectiveId lhs, ConnectiveId rhs)
+RefinementId RefinementArena::conjunction(RefinementId lhs, RefinementId rhs)
 {
     return NotNull{allocator.allocate(Conjunction{lhs, rhs})};
 }
 
-ConnectiveId ConnectiveArena::disjunction(ConnectiveId lhs, ConnectiveId rhs)
+RefinementId RefinementArena::disjunction(RefinementId lhs, RefinementId rhs)
 {
     return NotNull{allocator.allocate(Disjunction{lhs, rhs})};
 }
 
-ConnectiveId ConnectiveArena::equivalence(ConnectiveId lhs, ConnectiveId rhs)
+RefinementId RefinementArena::equivalence(RefinementId lhs, RefinementId rhs)
 {
     return NotNull{allocator.allocate(Equivalence{lhs, rhs})};
 }
 
-ConnectiveId ConnectiveArena::proposition(DefId def, TypeId discriminantTy)
+RefinementId RefinementArena::proposition(DefId def, TypeId discriminantTy)
 {
     return NotNull{allocator.allocate(Proposition{def, discriminantTy})};
 }
diff --git a/Analysis/src/Type.cpp b/Analysis/src/Type.cpp
index f29a0224..f874a0b7 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/Type.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/Type.cpp
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ bool hasLength(TypeId ty, DenseHashSet<TypeId>& seen, int* recursionCount)
     if (seen.contains(ty))
         return true;
 
-    if (isString(ty) || get<AnyType>(ty) || get<TableType>(ty) || get<MetatableType>(ty))
+    if (isString(ty) || isPrim(ty, PrimitiveType::Table) || get<AnyType>(ty) || get<TableType>(ty) || get<MetatableType>(ty))
         return true;
 
     if (auto uty = get<UnionType>(ty))
diff --git a/Analysis/src/TypeChecker2.cpp b/Analysis/src/TypeChecker2.cpp
index 59c488fd..133e324b 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/TypeChecker2.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/TypeChecker2.cpp
@@ -4,22 +4,24 @@
 #include "Luau/Ast.h"
 #include "Luau/AstQuery.h"
 #include "Luau/Clone.h"
+#include "Luau/DcrLogger.h"
 #include "Luau/Error.h"
 #include "Luau/Instantiation.h"
 #include "Luau/Metamethods.h"
 #include "Luau/Normalize.h"
 #include "Luau/ToString.h"
 #include "Luau/TxnLog.h"
-#include "Luau/TypeUtils.h"
 #include "Luau/Type.h"
+#include "Luau/TypeReduction.h"
+#include "Luau/TypeUtils.h"
 #include "Luau/Unifier.h"
-#include "Luau/ToString.h"
-#include "Luau/DcrLogger.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
 
-LUAU_FASTFLAG(DebugLuauLogSolverToJson);
-LUAU_FASTFLAG(DebugLuauMagicTypes);
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(DebugLuauLogSolverToJson)
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(DebugLuauMagicTypes)
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(DebugLuauDontReduceTypes)
+
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauNegatedClassTypes)
 
 namespace Luau
@@ -223,10 +225,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
     {
         auto pusher = pushStack(stat);
 
-        if (0)
-        {
-        }
-        else if (auto s = stat->as<AstStatBlock>())
+        if (auto s = stat->as<AstStatBlock>())
             return visit(s);
         else if (auto s = stat->as<AstStatIf>())
             return visit(s);
@@ -340,8 +339,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
             if (value)
                 visit(value, RValue);
 
-            TypeId* maybeValueType = value ? module->astTypes.find(value) : nullptr;
-            if (i != local->values.size - 1 || maybeValueType)
+            if (i != local->values.size - 1 || value)
             {
                 AstLocal* var = i < local->vars.size ? local->vars.data[i] : nullptr;
 
@@ -391,13 +389,26 @@ struct TypeChecker2
 
     void visit(AstStatFor* forStatement)
     {
-        if (forStatement->var->annotation)
-            visit(forStatement->var->annotation);
+        NotNull<Scope> scope = stack.back();
+
+        if (forStatement->var->annotation)
+        {
+            visit(forStatement->var->annotation);
+            reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, forStatement->var->location, builtinTypes->numberType, lookupAnnotation(forStatement->var->annotation)));
+        }
+
+        auto checkNumber = [this, scope](AstExpr* expr) {
+            if (!expr)
+                return;
+
+            visit(expr, RValue);
+            reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, expr->location, lookupType(expr), builtinTypes->numberType));
+        };
+
+        checkNumber(forStatement->from);
+        checkNumber(forStatement->to);
+        checkNumber(forStatement->step);
 
-        visit(forStatement->from, RValue);
-        visit(forStatement->to, RValue);
-        if (forStatement->step)
-            visit(forStatement->step, RValue);
         visit(forStatement->body);
     }
 
@@ -543,7 +554,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
             else
                 reportError(GenericError{"Cannot iterate over a table without indexer"}, forInStatement->values.data[0]->location);
         }
-        else if (get<AnyType>(iteratorTy) || get<ErrorType>(iteratorTy))
+        else if (get<AnyType>(iteratorTy) || get<ErrorType>(iteratorTy) || get<NeverType>(iteratorTy))
         {
             // nothing
         }
@@ -624,6 +635,9 @@ struct TypeChecker2
             visit(rhs, RValue);
             TypeId rhsType = lookupType(rhs);
 
+            if (get<NeverType>(lhsType))
+                continue;
+
             if (!isSubtype(rhsType, lhsType, stack.back()))
             {
                 reportError(TypeMismatch{lhsType, rhsType}, rhs->location);
@@ -715,10 +729,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
     {
         auto StackPusher = pushStack(expr);
 
-        if (0)
-        {
-        }
-        else if (auto e = expr->as<AstExprGroup>())
+        if (auto e = expr->as<AstExprGroup>())
             return visit(e, context);
         else if (auto e = expr->as<AstExprConstantNil>())
             return visit(e);
@@ -770,34 +781,34 @@ struct TypeChecker2
 
     void visit(AstExprConstantNil* expr)
     {
-        // TODO!
+        NotNull<Scope> scope = stack.back();
+        TypeId actualType = lookupType(expr);
+        TypeId expectedType = builtinTypes->nilType;
+        LUAU_ASSERT(isSubtype(actualType, expectedType, scope));
     }
 
     void visit(AstExprConstantBool* expr)
     {
-        // TODO!
+        NotNull<Scope> scope = stack.back();
+        TypeId actualType = lookupType(expr);
+        TypeId expectedType = builtinTypes->booleanType;
+        LUAU_ASSERT(isSubtype(actualType, expectedType, scope));
     }
 
-    void visit(AstExprConstantNumber* number)
+    void visit(AstExprConstantNumber* expr)
     {
-        TypeId actualType = lookupType(number);
-        TypeId numberType = builtinTypes->numberType;
-
-        if (!isSubtype(numberType, actualType, stack.back()))
-        {
-            reportError(TypeMismatch{actualType, numberType}, number->location);
-        }
+        NotNull<Scope> scope = stack.back();
+        TypeId actualType = lookupType(expr);
+        TypeId expectedType = builtinTypes->numberType;
+        LUAU_ASSERT(isSubtype(actualType, expectedType, scope));
     }
 
-    void visit(AstExprConstantString* string)
+    void visit(AstExprConstantString* expr)
     {
-        TypeId actualType = lookupType(string);
-        TypeId stringType = builtinTypes->stringType;
-
-        if (!isSubtype(actualType, stringType, stack.back()))
-        {
-            reportError(TypeMismatch{actualType, stringType}, string->location);
-        }
+        NotNull<Scope> scope = stack.back();
+        TypeId actualType = lookupType(expr);
+        TypeId expectedType = builtinTypes->stringType;
+        LUAU_ASSERT(isSubtype(actualType, expectedType, scope));
     }
 
     void visit(AstExprLocal* expr)
@@ -832,7 +843,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
         std::vector<Location> argLocs;
         argLocs.reserve(call->args.size + 1);
 
-        if (get<AnyType>(functionType) || get<ErrorType>(functionType))
+        if (get<AnyType>(functionType) || get<ErrorType>(functionType) || get<NeverType>(functionType))
             return;
         else if (std::optional<TypeId> callMm = findMetatableEntry(builtinTypes, module->errors, functionType, "__call", call->func->location))
         {
@@ -1080,7 +1091,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
         }
     }
 
-    TypeId visit(AstExprBinary* expr, void* overrideKey = nullptr)
+    TypeId visit(AstExprBinary* expr, AstNode* overrideKey = nullptr)
     {
         visit(expr->left, LValue);
         visit(expr->right, LValue);
@@ -1164,7 +1175,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
 
             if (mm)
             {
-                void* key = expr;
+                AstNode* key = expr;
                 if (overrideKey != nullptr)
                     key = overrideKey;
 
@@ -1381,19 +1392,8 @@ struct TypeChecker2
     {
         pack = follow(pack);
 
-        while (true)
-        {
-            auto tp = get<TypePack>(pack);
-            if (tp && tp->head.empty() && tp->tail)
-                pack = *tp->tail;
-            else
-                break;
-        }
-
-        if (auto ty = first(pack))
-            return *ty;
-        else if (auto vtp = get<VariadicTypePack>(pack))
-            return vtp->ty;
+        if (auto fst = first(pack, /*ignoreHiddenVariadics*/ false))
+            return *fst;
         else if (auto ftp = get<FreeTypePack>(pack))
         {
             TypeId result = testArena.addType(FreeType{ftp->scope});
@@ -1407,6 +1407,8 @@ struct TypeChecker2
         }
         else if (get<Unifiable::Error>(pack))
             return builtinTypes->errorRecoveryType();
+        else if (finite(pack) && size(pack) == 0)
+            return builtinTypes->nilType; // `(f())` where `f()` returns no values is coerced into `nil`
         else
             ice.ice("flattenPack got a weird pack!");
     }
@@ -1652,6 +1654,69 @@ struct TypeChecker2
         }
     }
 
+    void reduceTypes()
+    {
+        if (FFlag::DebugLuauDontReduceTypes)
+            return;
+
+        for (auto [_, scope] : module->scopes)
+        {
+            for (auto& [_, b] : scope->bindings)
+            {
+                if (auto reduced = module->reduction->reduce(b.typeId))
+                    b.typeId = *reduced;
+            }
+
+            if (auto reduced = module->reduction->reduce(scope->returnType))
+                scope->returnType = *reduced;
+
+            if (scope->varargPack)
+            {
+                if (auto reduced = module->reduction->reduce(*scope->varargPack))
+                    scope->varargPack = *reduced;
+            }
+
+            auto reduceMap = [this](auto& map) {
+                for (auto& [_, tf] : map)
+                {
+                    if (auto reduced = module->reduction->reduce(tf))
+                        tf = *reduced;
+                }
+            };
+
+            reduceMap(scope->exportedTypeBindings);
+            reduceMap(scope->privateTypeBindings);
+            reduceMap(scope->privateTypePackBindings);
+            for (auto& [_, space] : scope->importedTypeBindings)
+                reduceMap(space);
+        }
+
+        auto reduceOrError = [this](auto& map) {
+            for (auto [ast, t] : map)
+            {
+                if (!t)
+                    continue; // Reminder: this implies that the recursion limit was exceeded.
+                else if (auto reduced = module->reduction->reduce(t))
+                    map[ast] = *reduced;
+                else
+                    reportError(NormalizationTooComplex{}, ast->location);
+            }
+        };
+
+        module->astOriginalResolvedTypes = module->astResolvedTypes;
+
+        // Both [`Module::returnType`] and [`Module::exportedTypeBindings`] are empty here, and
+        // is populated by [`Module::clonePublicInterface`] in the future, so by that point these
+        // two aforementioned fields will only contain types that are irreducible.
+        reduceOrError(module->astTypes);
+        reduceOrError(module->astTypePacks);
+        reduceOrError(module->astExpectedTypes);
+        reduceOrError(module->astOriginalCallTypes);
+        reduceOrError(module->astOverloadResolvedTypes);
+        reduceOrError(module->astResolvedTypes);
+        reduceOrError(module->astResolvedTypePacks);
+    }
+
     template<typename TID>
     bool isSubtype(TID subTy, TID superTy, NotNull<Scope> scope)
     {
@@ -1797,7 +1862,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
 void check(NotNull<BuiltinTypes> builtinTypes, DcrLogger* logger, const SourceModule& sourceModule, Module* module)
 {
     TypeChecker2 typeChecker{builtinTypes, logger, &sourceModule, module};
-
+    typeChecker.reduceTypes();
     typeChecker.visit(sourceModule.root);
 
     unfreeze(module->interfaceTypes);
diff --git a/Analysis/src/TypeInfer.cpp b/Analysis/src/TypeInfer.cpp
index a25ddc7c..07bdbd4e 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/TypeInfer.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/TypeInfer.cpp
@@ -323,6 +323,8 @@ ModulePtr TypeChecker::checkWithoutRecursionCheck(const SourceModule& module, Mo
     normalizer.arena = nullptr;
 
     currentModule->clonePublicInterface(builtinTypes, *iceHandler);
+    freeze(currentModule->internalTypes);
+    freeze(currentModule->interfaceTypes);
 
     // Clear unifier cache since it's keyed off internal types that get deallocated
     // This avoids fake cross-module cache hits and keeps cache size at bay when typechecking large module graphs.
diff --git a/Analysis/src/TypeReduction.cpp b/Analysis/src/TypeReduction.cpp
index 3404c71d..94fb4ad3 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/TypeReduction.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/TypeReduction.cpp
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 #include <deque>
 
 LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauTypeReductionCartesianProductLimit, 100'000)
-LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauTypeReductionRecursionLimit, 700)
+LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauTypeReductionRecursionLimit, 400)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(DebugLuauDontReduceTypes, false)
 
 namespace Luau
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ struct TypeReducer
 
     DenseHashMap<TypeId, ReductionContext<TypeId>>* memoizedTypes;
     DenseHashMap<TypePackId, ReductionContext<TypePackId>>* memoizedTypePacks;
-    DenseHashSet<TypeId>* cyclicTypes;
+    DenseHashSet<const void*>* cyclics;
 
     int depth = 0;
 
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ struct TypeReducer
             return {ctx->type, getMutable<T>(ctx->type)};
 
         TypeId copiedTy = arena->addType(*t);
-        (*memoizedTypes)[ty] = {copiedTy, false};
-        (*memoizedTypes)[copiedTy] = {copiedTy, false};
+        (*memoizedTypes)[ty] = {copiedTy, true};
+        (*memoizedTypes)[copiedTy] = {copiedTy, true};
         return {copiedTy, getMutable<T>(copiedTy)};
     }
 
@@ -142,31 +142,20 @@ struct TypeReducer
         std::vector<TypeId> result;
         bool didReduce = false;
         foldl_impl<T>(it, endIt, f, &result, &didReduce);
-        if (!didReduce && ty)
-            return *ty;
+
+        // If we've done any reduction, then we'll need to reduce it again, e.g.
+        // `"a" | "b" | string` is reduced into `string | string`, which is then reduced into `string`.
+        if (!didReduce)
+            return ty ? *ty : flatten<T>(std::move(result));
         else
-        {
-            // If we've done any reduction, then we'll need to reduce it again, e.g.
-            // `"a" | "b" | string` is reduced into `string | string`, which is then reduced into `string`.
             return reduce(flatten<T>(std::move(result)));
-        }
     }
 
     template<typename T>
     TypeId apply(BinaryFold f, TypeId left, TypeId right)
     {
-        left = follow(left);
-        right = follow(right);
-
-        if (get<T>(left) || get<T>(right))
-        {
-            std::vector<TypeId> types{left, right};
-            return foldl<T>(begin(types), end(types), std::nullopt, f);
-        }
-        else if (auto reduced = (this->*f)(left, right))
-            return *reduced;
-        else
-            return arena->addType(T{{left, right}});
+        std::vector<TypeId> types{left, right};
+        return foldl<T>(begin(types), end(types), std::nullopt, f);
     }
 
     template<typename Into, typename Over>
@@ -188,8 +177,8 @@ TypeId TypeReducer::reduce(TypeId ty)
 
     if (auto ctx = memoizedTypes->find(ty); ctx && ctx->irreducible)
         return ctx->type;
-    else if (auto cyclicTy = cyclicTypes->find(ty))
-        return *cyclicTy;
+    else if (cyclics->contains(ty))
+        return ty;
 
     RecursionLimiter rl{&depth, FInt::LuauTypeReductionRecursionLimit};
 
@@ -216,6 +205,8 @@ TypePackId TypeReducer::reduce(TypePackId tp)
 
     if (auto ctx = memoizedTypePacks->find(tp); ctx && ctx->irreducible)
         return ctx->type;
+    else if (cyclics->contains(tp))
+        return tp;
 
     RecursionLimiter rl{&depth, FInt::LuauTypeReductionRecursionLimit};
 
@@ -356,9 +347,9 @@ std::optional<TypeId> TypeReducer::intersectionType(TypeId left, TypeId right)
         else if (t1->state == TableState::Generic || t2->state == TableState::Generic)
             return std::nullopt; // '{ x: T } & { x: U } ~ '{ x: T } & { x: U }
 
-        if (cyclicTypes->find(left))
+        if (cyclics->contains(left))
             return std::nullopt; // (t1 where t1 = { p: t1 }) & {} ~ t1 & {}
-        else if (cyclicTypes->find(right))
+        else if (cyclics->contains(right))
             return std::nullopt; // {} & (t1 where t1 = { p: t1 }) ~ {} & t1
 
         TypeId resultTy = arena->addType(TableType{});
@@ -396,10 +387,7 @@ std::optional<TypeId> TypeReducer::intersectionType(TypeId left, TypeId right)
                 return std::nullopt; // { [string]: _ } & { [number]: _ } ~ { [string]: _ } & { [number]: _ }
 
             TypeId valueTy = apply<IntersectionType>(&TypeReducer::intersectionType, t1->indexer->indexResultType, t2->indexer->indexResultType);
-            if (get<NeverType>(valueTy))
-                return builtinTypes->neverType; // { [_]: string } & { [_]: number } ~ { [_]: string & number } ~ { [_]: never } ~ never
-
-            table->indexer = TableIndexer{keyTy, valueTy};
+            table->indexer = TableIndexer{keyTy, valueTy}; // { [string]: number } & { [string]: string } ~ { [string]: never }
         }
         else if (t1->indexer)
         {
@@ -422,6 +410,45 @@ std::optional<TypeId> TypeReducer::intersectionType(TypeId left, TypeId right)
         return intersectionType(right, left); // T & M ~ M & T
     else if (auto [m1, m2] = get2<MetatableType, MetatableType>(left, right); m1 && m2)
         return std::nullopt; // TODO
+    else if (auto [nl, nr] = get2<NegationType, NegationType>(left, right); nl && nr)
+    {
+        // These should've been reduced already.
+        TypeId nlTy = follow(nl->ty);
+        TypeId nrTy = follow(nr->ty);
+        LUAU_ASSERT(!get<UnknownType>(nlTy) && !get<UnknownType>(nrTy));
+        LUAU_ASSERT(!get<NeverType>(nlTy) && !get<NeverType>(nrTy));
+        LUAU_ASSERT(!get<AnyType>(nlTy) && !get<AnyType>(nrTy));
+        LUAU_ASSERT(!get<IntersectionType>(nlTy) && !get<IntersectionType>(nrTy));
+        LUAU_ASSERT(!get<UnionType>(nlTy) && !get<UnionType>(nrTy));
+
+        if (auto [npl, npr] = get2<PrimitiveType, PrimitiveType>(nlTy, nrTy); npl && npr)
+        {
+            if (npl->type == npr->type)
+                return left; // ~P1 & ~P2 ~ ~P1 iff P1 == P2
+            else
+                return std::nullopt; // ~P1 & ~P2 ~ ~P1 & ~P2 iff P1 != P2
+        }
+        else if (auto [nsl, nsr] = get2<SingletonType, SingletonType>(nlTy, nrTy); nsl && nsr)
+        {
+            if (*nsl == *nsr)
+                return left; // ~"A" & ~"A" ~ ~"A"
+            else
+                return std::nullopt; // ~"A" & ~"B" ~ ~"A" & ~"B"
+        }
+        else if (auto [ns, np] = get2<SingletonType, PrimitiveType>(nlTy, nrTy); ns && np)
+        {
+            if (get<StringSingleton>(ns) && np->type == PrimitiveType::String)
+                return right; // ~"A" & ~string ~ ~string
+            else if (get<BooleanSingleton>(ns) && np->type == PrimitiveType::Boolean)
+                return right; // ~false & ~boolean ~ ~boolean
+            else
+                return std::nullopt; // ~"A" | ~P ~ ~"A" & ~P
+        }
+        else if (auto [np, ns] = get2<PrimitiveType, SingletonType>(nlTy, nrTy); np && ns)
+            return intersectionType(right, left); // ~P & ~S ~ ~S & ~P
+        else
+            return std::nullopt; // ~T & ~U ~ ~T & ~U
+    }
     else if (auto nl = get<NegationType>(left))
     {
         // These should've been reduced already.
@@ -477,10 +504,10 @@ std::optional<TypeId> TypeReducer::intersectionType(TypeId left, TypeId right)
         }
         else if (auto [nc, c] = get2<ClassType, ClassType>(nlTy, right); nc && c)
         {
-            if (isSubclass(nc, c))
-                return std::nullopt; // ~Derived & Base ~ ~Derived & Base
-            else if (isSubclass(c, nc))
+            if (isSubclass(c, nc))
                 return builtinTypes->neverType; // ~Base & Derived ~ never
+            else if (isSubclass(nc, c))
+                return std::nullopt; // ~Derived & Base ~ ~Derived & Base
             else
                 return right; // ~Base & Unrelated ~ Unrelated
         }
@@ -499,7 +526,7 @@ std::optional<TypeId> TypeReducer::intersectionType(TypeId left, TypeId right)
                 return right; // ~string & {} ~ {}
         }
         else
-            return std::nullopt; // TODO
+            return right; // ~T & U ~ U
     }
     else if (get<NegationType>(right))
         return intersectionType(right, left); // T & ~U ~ ~U & T
@@ -679,10 +706,10 @@ std::optional<TypeId> TypeReducer::unionType(TypeId left, TypeId right)
         }
         else if (auto [nc, c] = get2<ClassType, ClassType>(nlTy, right); nc && c)
         {
-            if (isSubclass(nc, c))
-                return builtinTypes->unknownType; // ~Derived | Base ~ unknown
-            else if (isSubclass(c, nc))
+            if (isSubclass(c, nc))
                 return std::nullopt; // ~Base | Derived ~ ~Base | Derived
+            else if (isSubclass(nc, c))
+                return builtinTypes->unknownType; // ~Derived | Base ~ unknown
             else
                 return left; // ~Base | Unrelated ~ ~Base
         }
@@ -777,22 +804,24 @@ TypeId TypeReducer::negationType(TypeId ty)
     if (!n)
         return arena->addType(NegationType{ty});
 
-    if (auto nn = get<NegationType>(n->ty))
+    TypeId negatedTy = follow(n->ty);
+
+    if (auto nn = get<NegationType>(negatedTy))
         return nn->ty; // ~~T ~ T
-    else if (get<NeverType>(n->ty))
+    else if (get<NeverType>(negatedTy))
         return builtinTypes->unknownType; // ~never ~ unknown
-    else if (get<UnknownType>(n->ty))
+    else if (get<UnknownType>(negatedTy))
         return builtinTypes->neverType; // ~unknown ~ never
-    else if (get<AnyType>(n->ty))
+    else if (get<AnyType>(negatedTy))
         return builtinTypes->anyType; // ~any ~ any
-    else if (auto ni = get<IntersectionType>(n->ty))
+    else if (auto ni = get<IntersectionType>(negatedTy))
     {
         std::vector<TypeId> options;
         for (TypeId part : ni)
             options.push_back(negationType(arena->addType(NegationType{part})));
         return reduce(flatten<UnionType>(std::move(options))); // ~(T & U) ~ (~T | ~U)
     }
-    else if (auto nu = get<UnionType>(n->ty))
+    else if (auto nu = get<UnionType>(negatedTy))
     {
         std::vector<TypeId> parts;
         for (TypeId option : nu)
@@ -910,16 +939,26 @@ TypePackId TypeReducer::memoize(TypePackId tp, TypePackId reducedTp)
 
 struct MarkCycles : TypeVisitor
 {
-    DenseHashSet<TypeId> cyclicTypes{nullptr};
+    DenseHashSet<const void*> cyclics{nullptr};
 
     void cycle(TypeId ty) override
     {
-        cyclicTypes.insert(ty);
+        cyclics.insert(follow(ty));
+    }
+
+    void cycle(TypePackId tp) override
+    {
+        cyclics.insert(follow(tp));
     }
 
     bool visit(TypeId ty) override
     {
-        return !cyclicTypes.find(ty);
+        return !cyclics.find(follow(ty));
+    }
+
+    bool visit(TypePackId tp) override
+    {
+        return !cyclics.find(follow(tp));
     }
 };
 
@@ -942,8 +981,8 @@ std::optional<TypeId> TypeReduction::reduce(TypeId ty)
         return ty;
     else if (!options.allowTypeReductionsFromOtherArenas && ty->owningArena != arena)
         return ty;
-    else if (auto ctx = memoizedTypes.find(ty); ctx && ctx->irreducible)
-        return ctx->type;
+    else if (auto memoized = memoizedof(ty))
+        return *memoized;
     else if (hasExceededCartesianProductLimit(ty))
         return std::nullopt;
 
@@ -952,7 +991,7 @@ std::optional<TypeId> TypeReduction::reduce(TypeId ty)
         MarkCycles finder;
         finder.traverse(ty);
 
-        TypeReducer reducer{arena, builtinTypes, handle, &memoizedTypes, &memoizedTypePacks, &finder.cyclicTypes};
+        TypeReducer reducer{arena, builtinTypes, handle, &memoizedTypes, &memoizedTypePacks, &finder.cyclics};
         return reducer.reduce(ty);
     }
     catch (const RecursionLimitException&)
@@ -969,8 +1008,8 @@ std::optional<TypePackId> TypeReduction::reduce(TypePackId tp)
         return tp;
     else if (!options.allowTypeReductionsFromOtherArenas && tp->owningArena != arena)
         return tp;
-    else if (auto ctx = memoizedTypePacks.find(tp); ctx && ctx->irreducible)
-        return ctx->type;
+    else if (auto memoized = memoizedof(tp))
+        return *memoized;
     else if (hasExceededCartesianProductLimit(tp))
         return std::nullopt;
 
@@ -979,7 +1018,7 @@ std::optional<TypePackId> TypeReduction::reduce(TypePackId tp)
         MarkCycles finder;
         finder.traverse(tp);
 
-        TypeReducer reducer{arena, builtinTypes, handle, &memoizedTypes, &memoizedTypePacks, &finder.cyclicTypes};
+        TypeReducer reducer{arena, builtinTypes, handle, &memoizedTypes, &memoizedTypePacks, &finder.cyclics};
         return reducer.reduce(tp);
     }
     catch (const RecursionLimitException&)
@@ -1000,6 +1039,13 @@ std::optional<TypeFun> TypeReduction::reduce(const TypeFun& fun)
     return std::nullopt;
 }
 
+TypeReduction TypeReduction::fork(NotNull<TypeArena> arena, const TypeReductionOptions& opts) const
+{
+    TypeReduction child{arena, builtinTypes, handle, opts};
+    child.parent = this;
+    return child;
+}
+
 size_t TypeReduction::cartesianProductSize(TypeId ty) const
 {
     ty = follow(ty);
@@ -1047,4 +1093,24 @@ bool TypeReduction::hasExceededCartesianProductLimit(TypePackId tp) const
     return false;
 }
 
+std::optional<TypeId> TypeReduction::memoizedof(TypeId ty) const
+{
+    if (auto ctx = memoizedTypes.find(ty); ctx && ctx->irreducible)
+        return ctx->type;
+    else if (parent)
+        return parent->memoizedof(ty);
+    else
+        return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+std::optional<TypePackId> TypeReduction::memoizedof(TypePackId tp) const
+{
+    if (auto ctx = memoizedTypePacks.find(tp); ctx && ctx->irreducible)
+        return ctx->type;
+    else if (parent)
+        return parent->memoizedof(tp);
+    else
+        return std::nullopt;
+}
+
 } // namespace Luau
diff --git a/Analysis/src/Unifier.cpp b/Analysis/src/Unifier.cpp
index e6d61441..d48c72f7 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/Unifier.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/Unifier.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauInstantiateInSubtyping, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauScalarShapeUnifyToMtOwner2, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauUninhabitedSubAnything2, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauMaintainScopesInUnifier, false)
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauTableUnifyInstantiationFix, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauClassTypeVarsInSubstitution)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauNegatedFunctionTypes)
@@ -600,11 +601,8 @@ void Unifier::tryUnify_(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isFunctionCall, bool
     else if (log.getMutable<ClassType>(subTy))
         tryUnifyWithClass(subTy, superTy, /*reversed*/ true);
 
-    else if (log.get<NegationType>(superTy))
-        tryUnifyTypeWithNegation(subTy, superTy);
-
-    else if (log.get<NegationType>(subTy))
-        tryUnifyNegationWithType(subTy, superTy);
+    else if (log.get<NegationType>(superTy) || log.get<NegationType>(subTy))
+        tryUnifyNegations(subTy, superTy);
 
     else if (FFlag::LuauUninhabitedSubAnything2 && !normalizer->isInhabited(subTy))
     {
@@ -857,6 +855,22 @@ void Unifier::tryUnifyTypeWithIntersection(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, const I
         reportError(location, TypeMismatch{superTy, subTy, "Not all intersection parts are compatible.", *firstFailedOption, mismatchContext()});
 }
 
+struct NegationTypeFinder : TypeOnceVisitor
+{
+    bool found = false;
+
+    bool visit(TypeId ty) override
+    {
+        return !found;
+    }
+
+    bool visit(TypeId ty, const NegationType&) override
+    {
+        found = true;
+        return !found;
+    }
+};
+
 void Unifier::tryUnifyIntersectionWithType(TypeId subTy, const IntersectionType* uv, TypeId superTy, bool cacheEnabled, bool isFunctionCall)
 {
     // A & B <: T if A <: T or B <: T
@@ -881,6 +895,28 @@ void Unifier::tryUnifyIntersectionWithType(TypeId subTy, const IntersectionType*
         }
     }
 
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution && normalize)
+    {
+        // Sometimes a negation type is inside one of the types, e.g. { p: number } & { p: ~number }.
+        NegationTypeFinder finder;
+        finder.traverse(subTy);
+
+        if (finder.found)
+        {
+            // It is possible that A & B <: T even though A </: T and B </: T
+            // for example (string?) & ~nil <: string.
+            // We deal with this by type normalization.
+            const NormalizedType* subNorm = normalizer->normalize(subTy);
+            const NormalizedType* superNorm = normalizer->normalize(superTy);
+            if (subNorm && superNorm)
+                tryUnifyNormalizedTypes(subTy, superTy, *subNorm, *superNorm, "none of the intersection parts are compatible");
+            else
+                reportError(location, UnificationTooComplex{});
+
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
     std::vector<TxnLog> logs;
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < uv->parts.size(); ++i)
@@ -1728,9 +1764,10 @@ struct Resetter
 
 void Unifier::tryUnifyTables(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isIntersection)
 {
+    TypeId activeSubTy = subTy;
     TableType* superTable = log.getMutable<TableType>(superTy);
     TableType* subTable = log.getMutable<TableType>(subTy);
-    TableType* instantiatedSubTable = subTable;
+    TableType* instantiatedSubTable = subTable; // TODO: remove with FFlagLuauTableUnifyInstantiationFix
 
     if (!superTable || !subTable)
         ice("passed non-table types to unifyTables");
@@ -1747,8 +1784,16 @@ void Unifier::tryUnifyTables(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isIntersection)
             std::optional<TypeId> instantiated = instantiation.substitute(subTy);
             if (instantiated.has_value())
             {
-                subTable = log.getMutable<TableType>(*instantiated);
-                instantiatedSubTable = subTable;
+                if (FFlag::LuauTableUnifyInstantiationFix)
+                {
+                    activeSubTy = *instantiated;
+                    subTable = log.getMutable<TableType>(activeSubTy);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    subTable = log.getMutable<TableType>(*instantiated);
+                    instantiatedSubTable = subTable;
+                }
 
                 if (!subTable)
                     ice("instantiation made a table type into a non-table type in tryUnifyTables");
@@ -1838,7 +1883,7 @@ void Unifier::tryUnifyTables(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isIntersection)
         }
         else if (subTable->state == TableState::Free)
         {
-            PendingType* pendingSub = log.queue(subTy);
+            PendingType* pendingSub = log.queue(activeSubTy);
             TableType* ttv = getMutable<TableType>(pendingSub);
             LUAU_ASSERT(ttv);
             ttv->props[name] = prop;
@@ -1851,12 +1896,12 @@ void Unifier::tryUnifyTables(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isIntersection)
         // table. If we detect that this has happened, we start over, with the updated
         // txn log.
         TypeId superTyNew = FFlag::LuauScalarShapeUnifyToMtOwner2 ? log.follow(superTy) : superTy;
-        TypeId subTyNew = FFlag::LuauScalarShapeUnifyToMtOwner2 ? log.follow(subTy) : subTy;
+        TypeId subTyNew = FFlag::LuauScalarShapeUnifyToMtOwner2 ? log.follow(activeSubTy) : activeSubTy;
 
         if (FFlag::LuauScalarShapeUnifyToMtOwner2)
         {
             // If one of the types stopped being a table altogether, we need to restart from the top
-            if ((superTy != superTyNew || subTy != subTyNew) && errors.empty())
+            if ((superTy != superTyNew || activeSubTy != subTyNew) && errors.empty())
                 return tryUnify(subTy, superTy, false, isIntersection);
         }
 
@@ -1864,7 +1909,7 @@ void Unifier::tryUnifyTables(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isIntersection)
         TableType* newSuperTable = log.getMutable<TableType>(superTyNew);
         TableType* newSubTable = log.getMutable<TableType>(subTyNew);
 
-        if (superTable != newSuperTable || (subTable != newSubTable && subTable != instantiatedSubTable))
+        if (superTable != newSuperTable || (subTable != newSubTable && (FFlag::LuauTableUnifyInstantiationFix || subTable != instantiatedSubTable)))
         {
             if (errors.empty())
                 return tryUnifyTables(subTy, superTy, isIntersection);
@@ -1922,12 +1967,12 @@ void Unifier::tryUnifyTables(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isIntersection)
             extraProperties.push_back(name);
 
         TypeId superTyNew = FFlag::LuauScalarShapeUnifyToMtOwner2 ? log.follow(superTy) : superTy;
-        TypeId subTyNew = FFlag::LuauScalarShapeUnifyToMtOwner2 ? log.follow(subTy) : subTy;
+        TypeId subTyNew = FFlag::LuauScalarShapeUnifyToMtOwner2 ? log.follow(activeSubTy) : activeSubTy;
 
         if (FFlag::LuauScalarShapeUnifyToMtOwner2)
         {
             // If one of the types stopped being a table altogether, we need to restart from the top
-            if ((superTy != superTyNew || subTy != subTyNew) && errors.empty())
+            if ((superTy != superTyNew || activeSubTy != subTyNew) && errors.empty())
                 return tryUnify(subTy, superTy, false, isIntersection);
         }
 
@@ -1936,7 +1981,8 @@ void Unifier::tryUnifyTables(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isIntersection)
         // txn log.
         TableType* newSuperTable = log.getMutable<TableType>(superTyNew);
         TableType* newSubTable = log.getMutable<TableType>(subTyNew);
-        if (superTable != newSuperTable || (subTable != newSubTable && subTable != instantiatedSubTable))
+
+        if (superTable != newSuperTable || (subTable != newSubTable && (FFlag::LuauTableUnifyInstantiationFix || subTable != instantiatedSubTable)))
         {
             if (errors.empty())
                 return tryUnifyTables(subTy, superTy, isIntersection);
@@ -1992,7 +2038,7 @@ void Unifier::tryUnifyTables(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isIntersection)
     if (FFlag::LuauScalarShapeUnifyToMtOwner2)
     {
         superTable = log.getMutable<TableType>(log.follow(superTy));
-        subTable = log.getMutable<TableType>(log.follow(subTy));
+        subTable = log.getMutable<TableType>(log.follow(activeSubTy));
 
         if (!superTable || !subTable)
             return;
@@ -2000,7 +2046,7 @@ void Unifier::tryUnifyTables(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isIntersection)
     else
     {
         superTable = log.getMutable<TableType>(superTy);
-        subTable = log.getMutable<TableType>(subTy);
+        subTable = log.getMutable<TableType>(activeSubTy);
     }
 
     if (!missingProperties.empty())
@@ -2313,11 +2359,10 @@ void Unifier::tryUnifyWithClass(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool reversed)
         return fail();
 }
 
-void Unifier::tryUnifyTypeWithNegation(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy)
+void Unifier::tryUnifyNegations(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy)
 {
-    const NegationType* ntv = get<NegationType>(superTy);
-    if (!ntv)
-        ice("tryUnifyTypeWithNegation superTy must be a negation type");
+    if (!log.get<NegationType>(subTy) && !log.get<NegationType>(superTy))
+        ice("tryUnifyNegations superTy or subTy must be a negation type");
 
     const NormalizedType* subNorm = normalizer->normalize(subTy);
     const NormalizedType* superNorm = normalizer->normalize(superTy);
@@ -2331,16 +2376,6 @@ void Unifier::tryUnifyTypeWithNegation(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy)
         reportError(location, TypeMismatch{superTy, subTy, mismatchContext()});
 }
 
-void Unifier::tryUnifyNegationWithType(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy)
-{
-    const NegationType* ntv = get<NegationType>(subTy);
-    if (!ntv)
-        ice("tryUnifyNegationWithType subTy must be a negation type");
-
-    // TODO: ~T </: U iff T <: U
-    reportError(location, TypeMismatch{superTy, subTy, mismatchContext()});
-}
-
 static void queueTypePack(std::vector<TypeId>& queue, DenseHashSet<TypePackId>& seenTypePacks, Unifier& state, TypePackId a, TypePackId anyTypePack)
 {
     while (true)
diff --git a/Ast/include/Luau/Ast.h b/Ast/include/Luau/Ast.h
index 81221dd1..9c352f9d 100644
--- a/Ast/include/Luau/Ast.h
+++ b/Ast/include/Luau/Ast.h
@@ -251,7 +251,6 @@ enum class ConstantNumberParseResult
     Malformed,
     BinOverflow,
     HexOverflow,
-    DoublePrefix,
 };
 
 class AstExprConstantNumber : public AstExpr
diff --git a/Ast/src/Parser.cpp b/Ast/src/Parser.cpp
index 99a41938..4d61914f 100644
--- a/Ast/src/Parser.cpp
+++ b/Ast/src/Parser.cpp
@@ -14,15 +14,8 @@
 LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauRecursionLimit, 1000)
 LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauParseErrorLimit, 100)
 
-LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauErrorDoubleHexPrefix, false)
-LUAU_DYNAMIC_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuaReportParseIntegerIssues, false)
-
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauParserErrorsOnMissingDefaultTypePackArgument, false)
 
-bool lua_telemetry_parsed_out_of_range_bin_integer = false;
-bool lua_telemetry_parsed_out_of_range_hex_integer = false;
-bool lua_telemetry_parsed_double_prefix_hex_integer = false;
-
 #define ERROR_INVALID_INTERP_DOUBLE_BRACE "Double braces are not permitted within interpolated strings. Did you mean '\\{'?"
 
 namespace Luau
@@ -2093,17 +2086,7 @@ static ConstantNumberParseResult parseInteger(double& result, const char* data,
         value = strtoull(data, &end, base);
 
         if (errno == ERANGE)
-        {
-            if (DFFlag::LuaReportParseIntegerIssues)
-            {
-                if (base == 2)
-                    lua_telemetry_parsed_out_of_range_bin_integer = true;
-                else
-                    lua_telemetry_parsed_out_of_range_hex_integer = true;
-            }
-
             return base == 2 ? ConstantNumberParseResult::BinOverflow : ConstantNumberParseResult::HexOverflow;
-        }
     }
 
     return ConstantNumberParseResult::Ok;
@@ -2117,18 +2100,7 @@ static ConstantNumberParseResult parseDouble(double& result, const char* data)
 
     // hexadecimal literal
     if (data[0] == '0' && (data[1] == 'x' || data[1] == 'X') && data[2])
-    {
-        if (!FFlag::LuauErrorDoubleHexPrefix && data[2] == '0' && (data[3] == 'x' || data[3] == 'X'))
-        {
-            if (DFFlag::LuaReportParseIntegerIssues)
-                lua_telemetry_parsed_double_prefix_hex_integer = true;
-
-            ConstantNumberParseResult parseResult = parseInteger(result, data + 2, 16);
-            return parseResult == ConstantNumberParseResult::Malformed ? parseResult : ConstantNumberParseResult::DoublePrefix;
-        }
-
         return parseInteger(result, data, 16); // pass in '0x' prefix, it's handled by 'strtoull'
-    }
 
     char* end = nullptr;
     double value = strtod(data, &end);
diff --git a/CodeGen/include/Luau/AssemblyBuilderX64.h b/CodeGen/include/Luau/AssemblyBuilderX64.h
index 918c8266..235f1a84 100644
--- a/CodeGen/include/Luau/AssemblyBuilderX64.h
+++ b/CodeGen/include/Luau/AssemblyBuilderX64.h
@@ -109,8 +109,10 @@ public:
     void vdivsd(OperandX64 dst, OperandX64 src1, OperandX64 src2);
 
     void vandpd(OperandX64 dst, OperandX64 src1, OperandX64 src2);
+    void vandnpd(OperandX64 dst, OperandX64 src1, OperandX64 src2);
 
     void vxorpd(OperandX64 dst, OperandX64 src1, OperandX64 src2);
+    void vorpd(OperandX64 dst, OperandX64 src1, OperandX64 src2);
 
     void vucomisd(OperandX64 src1, OperandX64 src2);
 
@@ -137,6 +139,10 @@ public:
     void vmaxsd(OperandX64 dst, OperandX64 src1, OperandX64 src2);
     void vminsd(OperandX64 dst, OperandX64 src1, OperandX64 src2);
 
+    void vcmpltsd(OperandX64 dst, OperandX64 src1, OperandX64 src2);
+
+    void vblendvpd(RegisterX64 dst, RegisterX64 src1, OperandX64 mask, RegisterX64 src3);
+
 
     // Run final checks
     void finalize();
@@ -152,6 +158,7 @@ public:
     OperandX64 f32(float value);
     OperandX64 f64(double value);
     OperandX64 f32x4(float x, float y, float z, float w);
+    OperandX64 f64x2(double x, double y);
     OperandX64 bytes(const void* ptr, size_t size, size_t align = 8);
 
     void logAppend(const char* fmt, ...) LUAU_PRINTF_ATTR(2, 3);
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/IrAnalysis.h b/CodeGen/include/Luau/IrAnalysis.h
similarity index 100%
rename from CodeGen/src/IrAnalysis.h
rename to CodeGen/include/Luau/IrAnalysis.h
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/IrBuilder.h b/CodeGen/include/Luau/IrBuilder.h
similarity index 98%
rename from CodeGen/src/IrBuilder.h
rename to CodeGen/include/Luau/IrBuilder.h
index c8f9b4ec..5b51e0ad 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/IrBuilder.h
+++ b/CodeGen/include/Luau/IrBuilder.h
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 
 #include "Luau/Common.h"
 #include "Luau/Bytecode.h"
-
-#include "IrData.h"
+#include "Luau/IrData.h"
 
 #include <vector>
 
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/IrData.h b/CodeGen/include/Luau/IrData.h
similarity index 100%
rename from CodeGen/src/IrData.h
rename to CodeGen/include/Luau/IrData.h
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/IrDump.h b/CodeGen/include/Luau/IrDump.h
similarity index 96%
rename from CodeGen/src/IrDump.h
rename to CodeGen/include/Luau/IrDump.h
index c803e8db..2f44ea85 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/IrDump.h
+++ b/CodeGen/include/Luau/IrDump.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
 #pragma once
 
-#include "IrData.h"
+#include "Luau/IrData.h"
 
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/IrUtils.h b/CodeGen/include/Luau/IrUtils.h
similarity index 99%
rename from CodeGen/src/IrUtils.h
rename to CodeGen/include/Luau/IrUtils.h
index 55881789..84382055 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/IrUtils.h
+++ b/CodeGen/include/Luau/IrUtils.h
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 
 #include "Luau/Bytecode.h"
 #include "Luau/Common.h"
-
-#include "IrData.h"
+#include "Luau/IrData.h"
 
 namespace Luau
 {
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/AssemblyBuilderX64.cpp b/CodeGen/src/AssemblyBuilderX64.cpp
index 77856e9e..71bfaec1 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/AssemblyBuilderX64.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/AssemblyBuilderX64.cpp
@@ -638,11 +638,21 @@ void AssemblyBuilderX64::vandpd(OperandX64 dst, OperandX64 src1, OperandX64 src2
     placeAvx("vandpd", dst, src1, src2, 0x54, false, AVX_0F, AVX_66);
 }
 
+void AssemblyBuilderX64::vandnpd(OperandX64 dst, OperandX64 src1, OperandX64 src2)
+{
+    placeAvx("vandnpd", dst, src1, src2, 0x55, false, AVX_0F, AVX_66);
+}
+
 void AssemblyBuilderX64::vxorpd(OperandX64 dst, OperandX64 src1, OperandX64 src2)
 {
     placeAvx("vxorpd", dst, src1, src2, 0x57, false, AVX_0F, AVX_66);
 }
 
+void AssemblyBuilderX64::vorpd(OperandX64 dst, OperandX64 src1, OperandX64 src2)
+{
+    placeAvx("vorpd", dst, src1, src2, 0x56, false, AVX_0F, AVX_66);
+}
+
 void AssemblyBuilderX64::vucomisd(OperandX64 src1, OperandX64 src2)
 {
     placeAvx("vucomisd", src1, src2, 0x2e, false, AVX_0F, AVX_66);
@@ -753,6 +763,17 @@ void AssemblyBuilderX64::vminsd(OperandX64 dst, OperandX64 src1, OperandX64 src2
     placeAvx("vminsd", dst, src1, src2, 0x5d, false, AVX_0F, AVX_F2);
 }
 
+void AssemblyBuilderX64::vcmpltsd(OperandX64 dst, OperandX64 src1, OperandX64 src2)
+{
+    placeAvx("vcmpltsd", dst, src1, src2, 0x01, 0xc2, false, AVX_0F, AVX_F2);
+}
+
+void AssemblyBuilderX64::vblendvpd(RegisterX64 dst, RegisterX64 src1, OperandX64 mask, RegisterX64 src3)
+{
+    // bits [7:4] of imm8 are used to select register for operand 4
+    placeAvx("vblendvpd", dst, src1, mask, src3.index << 4, 0x4b, false, AVX_0F3A, AVX_66);
+}
+
 void AssemblyBuilderX64::finalize()
 {
     code.resize(codePos - code.data());
@@ -834,6 +855,14 @@ OperandX64 AssemblyBuilderX64::f32x4(float x, float y, float z, float w)
     return OperandX64(SizeX64::xmmword, noreg, 1, rip, int32_t(pos - data.size()));
 }
 
+OperandX64 AssemblyBuilderX64::f64x2(double x, double y)
+{
+    size_t pos = allocateData(16, 16);
+    writef64(&data[pos], x);
+    writef64(&data[pos + 8], y);
+    return OperandX64(SizeX64::xmmword, noreg, 1, rip, int32_t(pos - data.size()));
+}
+
 OperandX64 AssemblyBuilderX64::bytes(const void* ptr, size_t size, size_t align)
 {
     size_t pos = allocateData(size, align);
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/CodeGen.cpp b/CodeGen/src/CodeGen.cpp
index 4ed950c0..72b2cbb3 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/CodeGen.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/CodeGen.cpp
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 #include "Luau/Common.h"
 #include "Luau/CodeAllocator.h"
 #include "Luau/CodeBlockUnwind.h"
+#include "Luau/IrAnalysis.h"
+#include "Luau/IrBuilder.h"
 #include "Luau/UnwindBuilder.h"
 #include "Luau/UnwindBuilderDwarf2.h"
 #include "Luau/UnwindBuilderWin.h"
@@ -13,8 +15,6 @@
 #include "CodeGenX64.h"
 #include "EmitCommonX64.h"
 #include "EmitInstructionX64.h"
-#include "IrAnalysis.h"
-#include "IrBuilder.h"
 #include "IrLoweringX64.h"
 #include "NativeState.h"
 
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/EmitBuiltinsX64.cpp b/CodeGen/src/EmitBuiltinsX64.cpp
index 41a2c260..f0dd003f 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/EmitBuiltinsX64.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/EmitBuiltinsX64.cpp
@@ -424,6 +424,197 @@ BuiltinImplResult emitBuiltinMathLog(AssemblyBuilderX64& build, int nparams, int
     return {BuiltinImplType::UsesFallback, 1};
 }
 
+
+BuiltinImplResult emitBuiltinMathLdexp(AssemblyBuilderX64& build, int nparams, int ra, int arg, OperandX64 args, int nresults, Label& fallback)
+{
+    if (nparams < 2 || nresults > 1)
+        return {BuiltinImplType::None, -1};
+
+    if (build.logText)
+        build.logAppend("; inlined LBF_MATH_LDEXP\n");
+
+    jumpIfTagIsNot(build, arg, LUA_TNUMBER, fallback);
+
+    // TODO: jumpIfTagIsNot can be generalized to take OperandX64 and then we can use it here; let's wait until we see this more though
+    build.cmp(dword[args + offsetof(TValue, tt)], LUA_TNUMBER);
+    build.jcc(ConditionX64::NotEqual, fallback);
+
+    build.vmovsd(xmm0, luauRegValue(arg));
+
+    if (build.abi == ABIX64::Windows)
+        build.vcvttsd2si(rArg2, qword[args + offsetof(TValue, value)]);
+    else
+        build.vcvttsd2si(rArg1, qword[args + offsetof(TValue, value)]);
+
+    build.call(qword[rNativeContext + offsetof(NativeContext, libm_ldexp)]);
+
+    build.vmovsd(luauRegValue(ra), xmm0);
+
+    if (ra != arg)
+        build.mov(luauRegTag(ra), LUA_TNUMBER);
+
+    return {BuiltinImplType::UsesFallback, 1};
+}
+
+BuiltinImplResult emitBuiltinMathRound(AssemblyBuilderX64& build, int nparams, int ra, int arg, OperandX64 args, int nresults, Label& fallback)
+{
+    if (nparams < 1 || nresults > 1)
+        return {BuiltinImplType::None, -1};
+
+    if (build.logText)
+        build.logAppend("; inlined LBF_MATH_ROUND\n");
+
+    jumpIfTagIsNot(build, arg, LUA_TNUMBER, fallback);
+
+    build.vmovsd(xmm0, luauRegValue(arg));
+    build.vandpd(xmm1, xmm0, build.f64x2(-0.0, -0.0));
+    build.vmovsd(xmm2, build.i64(0x3fdfffffffffffff)); // 0.49999999999999994
+    build.vorpd(xmm1, xmm1, xmm2);
+    build.vaddsd(xmm0, xmm0, xmm1);
+    build.vroundsd(xmm0, xmm0, xmm0, RoundingModeX64::RoundToZero);
+
+    build.vmovsd(luauRegValue(ra), xmm0);
+
+    if (ra != arg)
+        build.mov(luauRegTag(ra), LUA_TNUMBER);
+
+    return {BuiltinImplType::UsesFallback, 1};
+}
+
+BuiltinImplResult emitBuiltinMathFrexp(AssemblyBuilderX64& build, int nparams, int ra, int arg, OperandX64 args, int nresults, Label& fallback)
+{
+    if (nparams < 1 || nresults > 2)
+        return {BuiltinImplType::None, -1};
+
+    if (build.logText)
+        build.logAppend("; inlined LBF_MATH_FREXP\n");
+
+    jumpIfTagIsNot(build, arg, LUA_TNUMBER, fallback);
+
+    build.vmovsd(xmm0, luauRegValue(arg));
+
+    if (build.abi == ABIX64::Windows)
+        build.lea(rArg2, sTemporarySlot);
+    else
+        build.lea(rArg1, sTemporarySlot);
+
+    build.call(qword[rNativeContext + offsetof(NativeContext, libm_frexp)]);
+
+    build.vmovsd(luauRegValue(ra), xmm0);
+
+    if (ra != arg)
+        build.mov(luauRegTag(ra), LUA_TNUMBER);
+
+    build.vcvtsi2sd(xmm0, xmm0, dword[sTemporarySlot + 0]);
+    build.vmovsd(luauRegValue(ra + 1), xmm0);
+    build.mov(luauRegTag(ra + 1), LUA_TNUMBER);
+
+    return {BuiltinImplType::UsesFallback, 2};
+}
+
+BuiltinImplResult emitBuiltinMathModf(AssemblyBuilderX64& build, int nparams, int ra, int arg, OperandX64 args, int nresults, Label& fallback)
+{
+    if (nparams < 1 || nresults > 2)
+        return {BuiltinImplType::None, -1};
+
+    if (build.logText)
+        build.logAppend("; inlined LBF_MATH_MODF\n");
+
+    jumpIfTagIsNot(build, arg, LUA_TNUMBER, fallback);
+
+    build.vmovsd(xmm0, luauRegValue(arg));
+
+    if (build.abi == ABIX64::Windows)
+        build.lea(rArg2, sTemporarySlot);
+    else
+        build.lea(rArg1, sTemporarySlot);
+
+    build.call(qword[rNativeContext + offsetof(NativeContext, libm_modf)]);
+
+    build.vmovsd(xmm1, qword[sTemporarySlot + 0]);
+    build.vmovsd(luauRegValue(ra), xmm1);
+
+    if (ra != arg)
+        build.mov(luauRegTag(ra), LUA_TNUMBER);
+
+    build.vmovsd(luauRegValue(ra + 1), xmm0);
+    build.mov(luauRegTag(ra + 1), LUA_TNUMBER);
+
+    return {BuiltinImplType::UsesFallback, 2};
+}
+
+BuiltinImplResult emitBuiltinMathSign(AssemblyBuilderX64& build, int nparams, int ra, int arg, OperandX64 args, int nresults, Label& fallback)
+{
+    if (nparams < 1 || nresults > 1)
+        return {BuiltinImplType::None, -1};
+
+    if (build.logText)
+        build.logAppend("; inlined LBF_MATH_SIGN\n");
+
+    jumpIfTagIsNot(build, arg, LUA_TNUMBER, fallback);
+
+    build.vmovsd(xmm0, luauRegValue(arg));
+    build.vxorpd(xmm1, xmm1, xmm1);
+
+    // Set xmm2 to -1 if arg < 0, else 0
+    build.vcmpltsd(xmm2, xmm0, xmm1);
+    build.vmovsd(xmm3, build.f64(-1));
+    build.vandpd(xmm2, xmm2, xmm3);
+
+    // Set mask bit to 1 if 0 < arg, else 0
+    build.vcmpltsd(xmm0, xmm1, xmm0);
+
+    // Result = (mask-bit == 1) ? 1.0 : xmm2
+    // If arg < 0 then xmm2 is -1 and mask-bit is 0, result is -1
+    // If arg == 0 then xmm2 is 0 and mask-bit is 0, result is 0
+    // If arg > 0 then xmm2 is 0 and mask-bit is 1, result is 1
+    build.vblendvpd(xmm0, xmm2, build.f64x2(1, 1), xmm0);
+
+    build.vmovsd(luauRegValue(ra), xmm0);
+
+    if (ra != arg)
+        build.mov(luauRegTag(ra), LUA_TNUMBER);
+
+    return {BuiltinImplType::UsesFallback, 1};
+}
+
+BuiltinImplResult emitBuiltinMathClamp(AssemblyBuilderX64& build, int nparams, int ra, int arg, OperandX64 args, int nresults, Label& fallback)
+{
+    if (nparams < 3 || nresults > 1)
+        return {BuiltinImplType::None, -1};
+
+    if (build.logText)
+        build.logAppend("; inlined LBF_MATH_CLAMP\n");
+
+    jumpIfTagIsNot(build, arg, LUA_TNUMBER, fallback);
+
+    // TODO: jumpIfTagIsNot can be generalized to take OperandX64 and then we can use it here; let's wait until we see this more though
+    build.cmp(dword[args + offsetof(TValue, tt)], LUA_TNUMBER);
+    build.jcc(ConditionX64::NotEqual, fallback);
+
+    // TODO: jumpIfTagIsNot can be generalized to take OperandX64 and then we can use it here; let's wait until we see this more though
+    build.cmp(dword[args + sizeof(TValue) + offsetof(TValue, tt)], LUA_TNUMBER);
+    build.jcc(ConditionX64::NotEqual, fallback);
+
+    RegisterX64 min = xmm1;
+    RegisterX64 max = xmm2;
+    build.vmovsd(min, qword[args + offsetof(TValue, value)]);
+    build.vmovsd(max, qword[args + sizeof(TValue) + offsetof(TValue, value)]);
+
+    jumpOnNumberCmp(build, noreg, min, max, ConditionX64::NotLessEqual, fallback);
+
+    build.vmaxsd(xmm0, min, luauRegValue(arg));
+    build.vminsd(xmm0, max, xmm0);
+
+    build.vmovsd(luauRegValue(ra), xmm0);
+
+    if (ra != arg)
+        build.mov(luauRegTag(ra), LUA_TNUMBER);
+
+    return {BuiltinImplType::UsesFallback, 1};
+}
+
+
 BuiltinImplResult emitBuiltin(AssemblyBuilderX64& build, int bfid, int nparams, int ra, int arg, OperandX64 args, int nresults, Label& fallback)
 {
     switch (bfid)
@@ -476,6 +667,18 @@ BuiltinImplResult emitBuiltin(AssemblyBuilderX64& build, int bfid, int nparams,
         return emitBuiltinMathLog10(build, nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, fallback);
     case LBF_MATH_LOG:
         return emitBuiltinMathLog(build, nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, fallback);
+    case LBF_MATH_LDEXP:
+        return emitBuiltinMathLdexp(build, nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, fallback);
+    case LBF_MATH_ROUND:
+        return emitBuiltinMathRound(build, nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, fallback);
+    case LBF_MATH_FREXP:
+        return emitBuiltinMathFrexp(build, nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, fallback);
+    case LBF_MATH_MODF:
+        return emitBuiltinMathModf(build, nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, fallback);
+    case LBF_MATH_SIGN:
+        return emitBuiltinMathSign(build, nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, fallback);
+    case LBF_MATH_CLAMP:
+        return emitBuiltinMathClamp(build, nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, fallback);
     default:
         return {BuiltinImplType::None, -1};
     }
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/EmitCommonX64.h b/CodeGen/src/EmitCommonX64.h
index e475da60..c93c7aed 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/EmitCommonX64.h
+++ b/CodeGen/src/EmitCommonX64.h
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ constexpr unsigned kLocalsSize = 24;     // 3 extra slots for our custom locals
 
 constexpr OperandX64 sClosure = qword[rsp + kStackSize + 0]; // Closure* cl
 constexpr OperandX64 sCode = qword[rsp + kStackSize + 8];    // Instruction* code
+constexpr OperandX64 sTemporarySlot = addr[rsp + kStackSize + 16];
 
 // TODO: These should be replaced with a portable call function that checks the ABI at runtime and reorders moves accordingly to avoid conflicts
 #if defined(_WIN32)
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/IrAnalysis.cpp b/CodeGen/src/IrAnalysis.cpp
index a0882112..b9f3953a 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/IrAnalysis.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/IrAnalysis.cpp
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 // This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
-#include "IrAnalysis.h"
+#include "Luau/IrAnalysis.h"
 
-#include "IrData.h"
-#include "IrUtils.h"
+#include "Luau/IrData.h"
+#include "Luau/IrUtils.h"
 
 #include <stddef.h>
 
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/IrBuilder.cpp b/CodeGen/src/IrBuilder.cpp
index a43acda8..25f6d451 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/IrBuilder.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/IrBuilder.cpp
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 // This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
-#include "IrBuilder.h"
+#include "Luau/IrBuilder.h"
 
 #include "Luau/Common.h"
+#include "Luau/IrUtils.h"
 
 #include "CustomExecUtils.h"
 #include "IrTranslation.h"
-#include "IrUtils.h"
 
 #include "lapi.h"
 
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/IrDump.cpp b/CodeGen/src/IrDump.cpp
index 4dc5c6c5..eb5a0744 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/IrDump.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/IrDump.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
-#include "IrDump.h"
+#include "Luau/IrDump.h"
 
-#include "IrUtils.h"
+#include "Luau/IrUtils.h"
 
 #include "lua.h"
 
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/IrLoweringX64.cpp b/CodeGen/src/IrLoweringX64.cpp
index 98169acf..62b5dea5 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/IrLoweringX64.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/IrLoweringX64.cpp
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
 
 #include "Luau/CodeGen.h"
 #include "Luau/DenseHash.h"
+#include "Luau/IrDump.h"
+#include "Luau/IrUtils.h"
 
 #include "EmitCommonX64.h"
 #include "EmitInstructionX64.h"
-#include "IrDump.h"
-#include "IrUtils.h"
 #include "NativeState.h"
 
 #include "lstate.h"
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/IrLoweringX64.h b/CodeGen/src/IrLoweringX64.h
index 28358111..fd5357df 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/IrLoweringX64.h
+++ b/CodeGen/src/IrLoweringX64.h
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "Luau/AssemblyBuilderX64.h"
-
-#include "IrData.h"
+#include "Luau/IrData.h"
 
 #include <array>
 #include <initializer_list>
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/IrTranslation.cpp b/CodeGen/src/IrTranslation.cpp
index 82257815..32958b56 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/IrTranslation.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/IrTranslation.cpp
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 #include "IrTranslation.h"
 
 #include "Luau/Bytecode.h"
-
-#include "IrBuilder.h"
+#include "Luau/IrBuilder.h"
 
 #include "lobject.h"
 #include "ltm.h"
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/NativeState.cpp b/CodeGen/src/NativeState.cpp
index 22d38aa6..33db54e5 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/NativeState.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/NativeState.cpp
@@ -87,6 +87,10 @@ void initHelperFunctions(NativeState& data)
     data.context.libm_log = log;
     data.context.libm_log2 = log2;
     data.context.libm_log10 = log10;
+    data.context.libm_ldexp = ldexp;
+    data.context.libm_round = round;
+    data.context.libm_frexp = frexp;
+    data.context.libm_modf = modf;
 
     data.context.libm_asin = asin;
     data.context.libm_sin = sin;
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/NativeState.h b/CodeGen/src/NativeState.h
index 03d8ae3a..ad5aca66 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/NativeState.h
+++ b/CodeGen/src/NativeState.h
@@ -96,6 +96,10 @@ struct NativeContext
     double (*libm_log)(double) = nullptr;
     double (*libm_log2)(double) = nullptr;
     double (*libm_log10)(double) = nullptr;
+    double (*libm_ldexp)(double, int) = nullptr;
+    double (*libm_round)(double) = nullptr;
+    double (*libm_frexp)(double, int*) = nullptr;
+    double (*libm_modf)(double, double*) = nullptr;
 
     // Helper functions
     bool (*forgLoopNodeIter)(lua_State* L, Table* h, int index, TValue* ra) = nullptr;
diff --git a/Compiler/src/Compiler.cpp b/Compiler/src/Compiler.cpp
index ce9a5783..56863bf5 100644
--- a/Compiler/src/Compiler.cpp
+++ b/Compiler/src/Compiler.cpp
@@ -25,10 +25,6 @@ LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauCompileInlineThreshold, 25)
 LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauCompileInlineThresholdMaxBoost, 300)
 LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauCompileInlineDepth, 5)
 
-LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauMultiAssignmentConflictFix, false)
-LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauSelfAssignmentSkip, false)
-LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauCompileInterpStringLimit, false)
-
 namespace Luau
 {
 
@@ -1580,8 +1576,7 @@ struct Compiler
 
         RegScope rs(this);
 
-        uint8_t baseReg = FFlag::LuauCompileInterpStringLimit ? allocReg(expr, unsigned(2 + expr->expressions.size))
-                                                              : allocReg(expr, uint8_t(2 + expr->expressions.size));
+        uint8_t baseReg = allocReg(expr, unsigned(2 + expr->expressions.size));
 
         emitLoadK(baseReg, formatStringIndex);
 
@@ -2030,7 +2025,7 @@ struct Compiler
             if (int reg = getExprLocalReg(expr); reg >= 0)
             {
                 // Optimization: we don't need to move if target happens to be in the same register
-                if (!FFlag::LuauSelfAssignmentSkip || options.optimizationLevel == 0 || target != reg)
+                if (options.optimizationLevel == 0 || target != reg)
                     bytecode.emitABC(LOP_MOVE, target, uint8_t(reg), 0);
             }
             else
@@ -2982,48 +2977,31 @@ struct Compiler
 
         Visitor visitor(this);
 
-        if (FFlag::LuauMultiAssignmentConflictFix)
+        // mark any registers that are used *after* assignment as conflicting
+
+        // first we go through assignments to locals, since they are performed before assignments to other l-values
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < vars.size(); ++i)
         {
-            // mark any registers that are used *after* assignment as conflicting
+            const LValue& li = vars[i].lvalue;
 
-            // first we go through assignments to locals, since they are performed before assignments to other l-values
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < vars.size(); ++i)
+            if (li.kind == LValue::Kind_Local)
             {
-                const LValue& li = vars[i].lvalue;
-
-                if (li.kind == LValue::Kind_Local)
-                {
-                    if (i < values.size)
-                        values.data[i]->visit(&visitor);
-
-                    visitor.assigned[li.reg] = true;
-                }
-            }
-
-            // and now we handle all other l-values
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < vars.size(); ++i)
-            {
-                const LValue& li = vars[i].lvalue;
-
-                if (li.kind != LValue::Kind_Local && i < values.size)
-                    values.data[i]->visit(&visitor);
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            // mark any registers that are used *after* assignment as conflicting
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < vars.size(); ++i)
-            {
-                const LValue& li = vars[i].lvalue;
-
                 if (i < values.size)
                     values.data[i]->visit(&visitor);
 
-                if (li.kind == LValue::Kind_Local)
-                    visitor.assigned[li.reg] = true;
+                visitor.assigned[li.reg] = true;
             }
         }
 
+        // and now we handle all other l-values
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < vars.size(); ++i)
+        {
+            const LValue& li = vars[i].lvalue;
+
+            if (li.kind != LValue::Kind_Local && i < values.size)
+                values.data[i]->visit(&visitor);
+        }
+
         // mark any registers used in trailing expressions as conflicting as well
         for (size_t i = vars.size(); i < values.size; ++i)
             values.data[i]->visit(&visitor);
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 7a8b98a7..66d6016d 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ $(ISOCLINE_OBJECTS): CXXFLAGS+=-Wno-unused-function -Iextern/isocline/include
 $(TESTS_OBJECTS): CXXFLAGS+=-std=c++17 -ICommon/include -IAst/include -ICompiler/include -IAnalysis/include -ICodeGen/include -IVM/include -ICLI -Iextern -DDOCTEST_CONFIG_DOUBLE_STRINGIFY
 $(REPL_CLI_OBJECTS): CXXFLAGS+=-std=c++17 -ICommon/include -IAst/include -ICompiler/include -IVM/include -ICodeGen/include -Iextern -Iextern/isocline/include
 $(ANALYZE_CLI_OBJECTS): CXXFLAGS+=-std=c++17 -ICommon/include -IAst/include -IAnalysis/include -Iextern
-$(FUZZ_OBJECTS): CXXFLAGS+=-std=c++17 -ICommon/include -IAst/include -ICompiler/include -IAnalysis/include -IVM/include
+$(FUZZ_OBJECTS): CXXFLAGS+=-std=c++17 -ICommon/include -IAst/include -ICompiler/include -IAnalysis/include -IVM/include -ICodeGen/include
 
 $(TESTS_TARGET): LDFLAGS+=-lpthread
 $(REPL_CLI_TARGET): LDFLAGS+=-lpthread
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ $(TESTS_TARGET) $(REPL_CLI_TARGET) $(ANALYZE_CLI_TARGET):
 	$(CXX) $^ $(LDFLAGS) -o $@
 
 # executable targets for fuzzing
-fuzz-%: $(BUILD)/fuzz/%.cpp.o $(ANALYSIS_TARGET) $(COMPILER_TARGET) $(AST_TARGET) $(VM_TARGET)
+fuzz-%: $(BUILD)/fuzz/%.cpp.o $(ANALYSIS_TARGET) $(COMPILER_TARGET) $(AST_TARGET) $(CODEGEN_TARGET) $(VM_TARGET)
 	$(CXX) $^ $(LDFLAGS) -o $@
 
 fuzz-proto: $(BUILD)/fuzz/proto.cpp.o $(BUILD)/fuzz/protoprint.cpp.o $(BUILD)/fuzz/luau.pb.cpp.o $(ANALYSIS_TARGET) $(COMPILER_TARGET) $(AST_TARGET) $(VM_TARGET) | build/libprotobuf-mutator
diff --git a/Sources.cmake b/Sources.cmake
index e2636ff6..815301bc 100644
--- a/Sources.cmake
+++ b/Sources.cmake
@@ -63,6 +63,11 @@ target_sources(Luau.CodeGen PRIVATE
     CodeGen/include/Luau/CodeGen.h
     CodeGen/include/Luau/ConditionA64.h
     CodeGen/include/Luau/ConditionX64.h
+    CodeGen/include/Luau/IrAnalysis.h
+    CodeGen/include/Luau/IrBuilder.h
+    CodeGen/include/Luau/IrDump.h
+    CodeGen/include/Luau/IrData.h
+    CodeGen/include/Luau/IrUtils.h
     CodeGen/include/Luau/Label.h
     CodeGen/include/Luau/OperandX64.h
     CodeGen/include/Luau/RegisterA64.h
@@ -100,13 +105,8 @@ target_sources(Luau.CodeGen PRIVATE
     CodeGen/src/EmitInstructionX64.h
     CodeGen/src/Fallbacks.h
     CodeGen/src/FallbacksProlog.h
-    CodeGen/src/IrAnalysis.h
-    CodeGen/src/IrBuilder.h
-    CodeGen/src/IrDump.h
-    CodeGen/src/IrData.h
     CodeGen/src/IrLoweringX64.h
     CodeGen/src/IrTranslation.h
-    CodeGen/src/IrUtils.h
     CodeGen/src/NativeState.h
 )
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ target_sources(Luau.Analysis PRIVATE
     Analysis/include/Luau/BuiltinDefinitions.h
     Analysis/include/Luau/Clone.h
     Analysis/include/Luau/Config.h
-    Analysis/include/Luau/Connective.h
+    Analysis/include/Luau/Refinement.h
     Analysis/include/Luau/Constraint.h
     Analysis/include/Luau/ConstraintGraphBuilder.h
     Analysis/include/Luau/ConstraintSolver.h
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ target_sources(Luau.Analysis PRIVATE
     Analysis/src/BuiltinDefinitions.cpp
     Analysis/src/Clone.cpp
     Analysis/src/Config.cpp
-    Analysis/src/Connective.cpp
+    Analysis/src/Refinement.cpp
     Analysis/src/Constraint.cpp
     Analysis/src/ConstraintGraphBuilder.cpp
     Analysis/src/ConstraintSolver.cpp
diff --git a/VM/src/lperf.cpp b/VM/src/lperf.cpp
index da68e376..5df22bb0 100644
--- a/VM/src/lperf.cpp
+++ b/VM/src/lperf.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 #include <mach/mach_time.h>
 #endif
 
+
+
 #include <time.h>
 
 static double clock_period()
diff --git a/VM/src/lstrlib.cpp b/VM/src/lstrlib.cpp
index 59f16e5c..cf7381ae 100644
--- a/VM/src/lstrlib.cpp
+++ b/VM/src/lstrlib.cpp
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 
-LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauStringFormatAnyFix, false)
-
 // macro to `unsign' a character
 #define uchar(c) ((unsigned char)(c))
 
@@ -1039,21 +1037,11 @@ static int str_format(lua_State* L)
                 if (formatItemSize != 1)
                     luaL_error(L, "'%%*' does not take a form");
 
-                if (FFlag::LuauStringFormatAnyFix)
-                {
-                    size_t length;
-                    const char* string = luaL_tolstring(L, arg, &length);
+                size_t length;
+                const char* string = luaL_tolstring(L, arg, &length);
 
-                    luaL_addlstring(&b, string, length, -2);
-                    lua_pop(L, 1);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    size_t length;
-                    const char* string = luaL_tolstring(L, arg, &length);
-
-                    luaL_addlstring(&b, string, length, -1);
-                }
+                luaL_addlstring(&b, string, length, -2);
+                lua_pop(L, 1);
 
                 continue; // skip the `luaL_addlstring' at the end
             }
diff --git a/fuzz/proto.cpp b/fuzz/proto.cpp
index c8ba2268..5ca16576 100644
--- a/fuzz/proto.cpp
+++ b/fuzz/proto.cpp
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #include "Luau/BuiltinDefinitions.h"
 #include "Luau/BytecodeBuilder.h"
+#include "Luau/CodeGen.h"
 #include "Luau/Common.h"
 #include "Luau/Compiler.h"
 #include "Luau/Frontend.h"
@@ -25,11 +26,13 @@ const bool kFuzzLinter = true;
 const bool kFuzzTypeck = true;
 const bool kFuzzVM = true;
 const bool kFuzzTranspile = true;
+const bool kFuzzCodegen = true;
 
 // Should we generate type annotations?
 const bool kFuzzTypes = true;
 
 static_assert(!(kFuzzVM && !kFuzzCompiler), "VM requires the compiler!");
+static_assert(!(kFuzzCodegen && !kFuzzVM), "Codegen requires the VM!");
 
 std::vector<std::string> protoprint(const luau::ModuleSet& stat, bool types);
 
@@ -83,6 +86,9 @@ lua_State* createGlobalState()
 {
     lua_State* L = lua_newstate(allocate, NULL);
 
+    if (kFuzzCodegen && Luau::CodeGen::isSupported())
+        Luau::CodeGen::create(L);
+
     lua_callbacks(L)->interrupt = interrupt;
 
     luaL_openlibs(L);
@@ -349,20 +355,30 @@ DEFINE_PROTO_FUZZER(const luau::ModuleSet& message)
     {
         static lua_State* globalState = createGlobalState();
 
-        lua_State* L = lua_newthread(globalState);
-        luaL_sandboxthread(L);
+        auto runCode = [](const std::string& bytecode, bool useCodegen) {
+            lua_State* L = lua_newthread(globalState);
+            luaL_sandboxthread(L);
 
-        if (luau_load(L, "=fuzz", bytecode.data(), bytecode.size(), 0) == 0)
-        {
-            interruptDeadline = std::chrono::system_clock::now() + kInterruptTimeout;
+            if (luau_load(L, "=fuzz", bytecode.data(), bytecode.size(), 0) == 0)
+            {
+                if (useCodegen)
+                    Luau::CodeGen::compile(L, -1);
 
-            lua_resume(L, NULL, 0);
-        }
+                interruptDeadline = std::chrono::system_clock::now() + kInterruptTimeout;
 
-        lua_pop(globalState, 1);
+                lua_resume(L, NULL, 0);
+            }
 
-        // we'd expect full GC to reclaim all memory allocated by the script
-        lua_gc(globalState, LUA_GCCOLLECT, 0);
-        LUAU_ASSERT(heapSize < 256 * 1024);
+            lua_pop(globalState, 1);
+
+            // we'd expect full GC to reclaim all memory allocated by the script
+            lua_gc(globalState, LUA_GCCOLLECT, 0);
+            LUAU_ASSERT(heapSize < 256 * 1024);
+        };
+
+        runCode(bytecode, false);
+
+        if (kFuzzCodegen && Luau::CodeGen::isSupported())
+            runCode(bytecode, true);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/AssemblyBuilderX64.test.cpp b/tests/AssemblyBuilderX64.test.cpp
index d6d16509..c4d2a1c7 100644
--- a/tests/AssemblyBuilderX64.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/AssemblyBuilderX64.test.cpp
@@ -441,12 +441,16 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(AssemblyBuilderX64Fixture, "AVXBinaryInstructionForms")
     SINGLE_COMPARE(vmulsd(xmm8, xmm10, xmm14), 0xc4, 0x41, 0x2b, 0x59, 0xc6);
     SINGLE_COMPARE(vdivsd(xmm8, xmm10, xmm14), 0xc4, 0x41, 0x2b, 0x5e, 0xc6);
 
+    SINGLE_COMPARE(vorpd(xmm8, xmm10, xmm14), 0xc4, 0x41, 0x29, 0x56, 0xc6);
     SINGLE_COMPARE(vxorpd(xmm8, xmm10, xmm14), 0xc4, 0x41, 0x29, 0x57, 0xc6);
 
     SINGLE_COMPARE(vandpd(xmm8, xmm10, xmm14), 0xc4, 0x41, 0x29, 0x54, 0xc6);
+    SINGLE_COMPARE(vandnpd(xmm8, xmm10, xmm14), 0xc4, 0x41, 0x29, 0x55, 0xc6);
 
     SINGLE_COMPARE(vmaxsd(xmm8, xmm10, xmm14), 0xc4, 0x41, 0x2b, 0x5f, 0xc6);
     SINGLE_COMPARE(vminsd(xmm8, xmm10, xmm14), 0xc4, 0x41, 0x2b, 0x5d, 0xc6);
+
+    SINGLE_COMPARE(vcmpltsd(xmm8, xmm10, xmm14), 0xc4, 0x41, 0x2b, 0xc2, 0xc6, 0x01);
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(AssemblyBuilderX64Fixture, "AVXUnaryMergeInstructionForms")
@@ -510,6 +514,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(AssemblyBuilderX64Fixture, "AVXTernaryInstructionForms")
     SINGLE_COMPARE(
         vroundsd(xmm8, xmm13, xmmword[r13 + rdx], RoundingModeX64::RoundToPositiveInfinity), 0xc4, 0x43, 0x11, 0x0b, 0x44, 0x15, 0x00, 0x0a);
     SINGLE_COMPARE(vroundsd(xmm9, xmm14, xmmword[rcx + r10], RoundingModeX64::RoundToZero), 0xc4, 0x23, 0x09, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x11, 0x0b);
+    SINGLE_COMPARE(vblendvpd(xmm7, xmm12, xmmword[rcx + r10], xmm5), 0xc4, 0xa3, 0x19, 0x4b, 0x3c, 0x11, 0x50);
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(AssemblyBuilderX64Fixture, "MiscInstructions")
@@ -621,6 +626,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(AssemblyBuilderX64Fixture, "Constants")
             build.vmovaps(xmm4, build.f32x4(1.0f, 2.0f, 4.0f, 8.0f));
             char arr[16] = "hello world!123";
             build.vmovupd(xmm5, build.bytes(arr, 16, 8));
+            build.vmovapd(xmm5, build.f64x2(5.0, 6.0));
             build.ret();
         },
         {
@@ -630,9 +636,12 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(AssemblyBuilderX64Fixture, "Constants")
             0xc4, 0xe1, 0x7b, 0x10, 0x1d, 0xcc, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
             0xc4, 0xe1, 0x78, 0x28, 0x25, 0xab, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
             0xc4, 0xe1, 0x79, 0x10, 0x2d, 0x92, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+            0xc4, 0xe1, 0x79, 0x28, 0x2d, 0x79, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
             0xc3
         },
         {
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x14, 0x40,
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x40,
             'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ' ', 'w', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd', '!', '1', '2', '3', 0x0,
             0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x3f,
             0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x40,
diff --git a/tests/Autocomplete.test.cpp b/tests/Autocomplete.test.cpp
index 01e017af..3fd0e9cd 100644
--- a/tests/Autocomplete.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/Autocomplete.test.cpp
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauTraceTypesInNonstrictMode2)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauSetMetatableDoesNotTimeTravel)
-LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauFixAutocompleteInIf)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauFixAutocompleteInWhile)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauFixAutocompleteInFor)
 
@@ -859,30 +858,16 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(ACFixture, "autocomplete_if_middle_keywords")
     CHECK_EQ(ac2.entryMap.count("end"), 0);
     CHECK_EQ(ac2.context, AutocompleteContext::Keyword);
 
-    if (FFlag::LuauFixAutocompleteInIf)
-    {
-        check(R"(
-            if x t@1
-        )");
+    check(R"(
+        if x t@1
+    )");
 
-        auto ac3 = autocomplete('1');
-        CHECK_EQ(3, ac3.entryMap.size());
-        CHECK_EQ(ac3.entryMap.count("then"), 1);
-        CHECK_EQ(ac3.entryMap.count("and"), 1);
-        CHECK_EQ(ac3.entryMap.count("or"), 1);
-        CHECK_EQ(ac3.context, AutocompleteContext::Keyword);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        check(R"(
-            if x t@1
-        )");
-
-        auto ac3 = autocomplete('1');
-        CHECK_EQ(1, ac3.entryMap.size());
-        CHECK_EQ(ac3.entryMap.count("then"), 1);
-        CHECK_EQ(ac3.context, AutocompleteContext::Keyword);
-    }
+    auto ac3 = autocomplete('1');
+    CHECK_EQ(3, ac3.entryMap.size());
+    CHECK_EQ(ac3.entryMap.count("then"), 1);
+    CHECK_EQ(ac3.entryMap.count("and"), 1);
+    CHECK_EQ(ac3.entryMap.count("or"), 1);
+    CHECK_EQ(ac3.context, AutocompleteContext::Keyword);
 
     check(R"(
         if x then
@@ -926,22 +911,19 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(ACFixture, "autocomplete_if_middle_keywords")
     CHECK_EQ(ac5.entryMap.count("end"), 0);
     CHECK_EQ(ac5.context, AutocompleteContext::Statement);
 
-    if (FFlag::LuauFixAutocompleteInIf)
-    {
-        check(R"(
-            if t@1
-        )");
+    check(R"(
+        if t@1
+    )");
 
-        auto ac6 = autocomplete('1');
-        CHECK_EQ(ac6.entryMap.count("true"), 1);
-        CHECK_EQ(ac6.entryMap.count("false"), 1);
-        CHECK_EQ(ac6.entryMap.count("then"), 0);
-        CHECK_EQ(ac6.entryMap.count("function"), 1);
-        CHECK_EQ(ac6.entryMap.count("else"), 0);
-        CHECK_EQ(ac6.entryMap.count("elseif"), 0);
-        CHECK_EQ(ac6.entryMap.count("end"), 0);
-        CHECK_EQ(ac6.context, AutocompleteContext::Expression);
-    }
+    auto ac6 = autocomplete('1');
+    CHECK_EQ(ac6.entryMap.count("true"), 1);
+    CHECK_EQ(ac6.entryMap.count("false"), 1);
+    CHECK_EQ(ac6.entryMap.count("then"), 0);
+    CHECK_EQ(ac6.entryMap.count("function"), 1);
+    CHECK_EQ(ac6.entryMap.count("else"), 0);
+    CHECK_EQ(ac6.entryMap.count("elseif"), 0);
+    CHECK_EQ(ac6.entryMap.count("end"), 0);
+    CHECK_EQ(ac6.context, AutocompleteContext::Expression);
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(ACFixture, "autocomplete_until_in_repeat")
@@ -3428,6 +3410,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(ACFixture, "globals_are_order_independent")
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(ACFixture, "type_reduction_is_hooked_up_to_autocomplete")
 {
+    ScopedFastFlag sff{"DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution", true};
+
     check(R"(
         type T = { x: (number & string)? }
 
@@ -3447,15 +3431,13 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(ACFixture, "type_reduction_is_hooked_up_to_autocomplete")
     REQUIRE(ac1.entryMap.count("x"));
     std::optional<TypeId> ty1 = ac1.entryMap.at("x").type;
     REQUIRE(ty1);
-    CHECK("(number & string)?" == toString(*ty1, opts));
-    // CHECK("nil" == toString(*ty1, opts));
+    CHECK("nil" == toString(*ty1, opts));
 
     auto ac2 = autocomplete('2');
     REQUIRE(ac2.entryMap.count("thingamabob"));
     std::optional<TypeId> ty2 = ac2.entryMap.at("thingamabob").type;
     REQUIRE(ty2);
-    CHECK("{| x: (number & string)? |}" == toString(*ty2, opts));
-    // CHECK("{| x: nil |}" == toString(*ty2, opts));
+    CHECK("{| x: nil |}" == toString(*ty2, opts));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(ACFixture, "string_contents_is_available_to_callback")
diff --git a/tests/Compiler.test.cpp b/tests/Compiler.test.cpp
index 434d983f..eefabbfe 100644
--- a/tests/Compiler.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/Compiler.test.cpp
@@ -1025,8 +1025,6 @@ L0: RETURN R0 0
 
 TEST_CASE("AndOr")
 {
-    ScopedFastFlag luauSelfAssignmentSkip{"LuauSelfAssignmentSkip", true};
-
     // codegen for constant, local, global for and
     CHECK_EQ("\n" + compileFunction0("local a = 1 a = a and 2 return a"), R"(
 LOADN R0 1
@@ -1319,8 +1317,6 @@ RETURN R0 0
 
 TEST_CASE("InterpStringRegisterLimit")
 {
-    ScopedFastFlag luauCompileInterpStringLimit{"LuauCompileInterpStringLimit", true};
-
     CHECK_THROWS_AS(compileFunction0(("local a = `" + rep("{1}", 254) + "`").c_str()), std::exception);
     CHECK_THROWS_AS(compileFunction0(("local a = `" + rep("{1}", 253) + "`").c_str()), std::exception);
 }
@@ -2262,8 +2258,6 @@ L1: RETURN R3 -1
 
 TEST_CASE("UpvaluesLoopsBytecode")
 {
-    ScopedFastFlag luauSelfAssignmentSkip{"LuauSelfAssignmentSkip", true};
-
     CHECK_EQ("\n" + compileFunction(R"(
 function test()
     for i=1,10 do
@@ -5161,8 +5155,6 @@ RETURN R1 1
 
 TEST_CASE("InlineMutate")
 {
-    ScopedFastFlag luauSelfAssignmentSkip{"LuauSelfAssignmentSkip", true};
-
     // if the argument is mutated, it gets a register even if the value is constant
     CHECK_EQ("\n" + compileFunction(R"(
 local function foo(a)
@@ -6756,8 +6748,6 @@ MOVE R1 R3
 RETURN R0 0
 )");
 
-    ScopedFastFlag luauMultiAssignmentConflictFix{"LuauMultiAssignmentConflictFix", true};
-
     // because we perform assignments to complex l-values after assignments to locals, we make sure register conflicts are tracked accordingly
     CHECK_EQ("\n" + compileFunction0(R"(
         local a, b = ...
@@ -6795,8 +6785,6 @@ L0: RETURN R1 -1
 
 TEST_CASE("SkipSelfAssignment")
 {
-    ScopedFastFlag luauSelfAssignmentSkip{"LuauSelfAssignmentSkip", true};
-
     CHECK_EQ("\n" + compileFunction0("local a a = a"), R"(
 LOADNIL R0
 RETURN R0 0
diff --git a/tests/Conformance.test.cpp b/tests/Conformance.test.cpp
index a07a9f66..077310ac 100644
--- a/tests/Conformance.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/Conformance.test.cpp
@@ -297,8 +297,6 @@ TEST_CASE("Clear")
 
 TEST_CASE("Strings")
 {
-    ScopedFastFlag luauStringFormatAnyFix{"LuauStringFormatAnyFix", true};
-
     runConformance("strings.lua");
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/Linter.test.cpp b/tests/Linter.test.cpp
index 8504a9ff..afd5a4e4 100644
--- a/tests/Linter.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/Linter.test.cpp
@@ -1706,23 +1706,6 @@ local _ = 0x10000000000000000
     CHECK_EQ(result.warnings[1].text, "Hexadecimal number literal exceeded available precision and has been truncated to 2^64");
 }
 
-// TODO: remove with FFlagLuauErrorDoubleHexPrefix
-TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "IntegerParsingDoublePrefix")
-{
-    ScopedFastFlag luauErrorDoubleHexPrefix{"LuauErrorDoubleHexPrefix", false}; // Lint will be available until we start rejecting code
-
-    LintResult result = lint(R"(
-local _ = 0x0x123
-local _ = 0x0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
-)");
-
-    REQUIRE(2 == result.warnings.size());
-    CHECK_EQ(result.warnings[0].text,
-        "Hexadecimal number literal has a double prefix, which will fail to parse in the future; remove the extra 0x to fix");
-    CHECK_EQ(result.warnings[1].text,
-        "Hexadecimal number literal has a double prefix, which will fail to parse in the future; remove the extra 0x to fix");
-}
-
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "ComparisonPrecedence")
 {
     LintResult result = lint(R"(
diff --git a/tests/Normalize.test.cpp b/tests/Normalize.test.cpp
index cf58cfc8..ca06046a 100644
--- a/tests/Normalize.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/Normalize.test.cpp
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 #include "Fixture.h"
 
+#include "Luau/AstQuery.h"
 #include "Luau/Common.h"
 #include "Luau/Type.h"
 #include "doctest.h"
@@ -9,6 +10,8 @@
 #include "Luau/Normalize.h"
 #include "Luau/BuiltinDefinitions.h"
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+
 using namespace Luau;
 
 namespace
@@ -377,9 +380,25 @@ struct NormalizeFixture : Fixture
         normalizer.clearCaches();
         CheckResult result = check("type _Res = " + annotation);
         LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
-        std::optional<TypeId> ty = lookupType("_Res");
-        REQUIRE(ty);
-        return normalizer.normalize(*ty);
+
+        if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+        {
+            SourceModule* sourceModule = getMainSourceModule();
+            REQUIRE(sourceModule);
+            AstNode* node = findNodeAtPosition(*sourceModule, {0, 5});
+            REQUIRE(node);
+            AstStatTypeAlias* alias = node->as<AstStatTypeAlias>();
+            REQUIRE(alias);
+            TypeId* originalTy = getMainModule()->astOriginalResolvedTypes.find(alias->type);
+            REQUIRE(originalTy);
+            return normalizer.normalize(*originalTy);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            std::optional<TypeId> ty = lookupType("_Res");
+            REQUIRE(ty);
+            return normalizer.normalize(*ty);
+        }
     }
 
     TypeId normal(const std::string& annotation)
diff --git a/tests/Parser.test.cpp b/tests/Parser.test.cpp
index e2254ecc..c72cbcce 100644
--- a/tests/Parser.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/Parser.test.cpp
@@ -683,8 +683,6 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "parse_numbers_binary")
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "parse_numbers_error")
 {
-    ScopedFastFlag luauErrorDoubleHexPrefix{"LuauErrorDoubleHexPrefix", true};
-
     CHECK_EQ(getParseError("return 0b123"), "Malformed number");
     CHECK_EQ(getParseError("return 123x"), "Malformed number");
     CHECK_EQ(getParseError("return 0xg"), "Malformed number");
@@ -693,13 +691,6 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "parse_numbers_error")
     CHECK_EQ(getParseError("return 0x0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"), "Malformed number");
 }
 
-TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "parse_numbers_error_soft")
-{
-    ScopedFastFlag luauErrorDoubleHexPrefix{"LuauErrorDoubleHexPrefix", false};
-
-    CHECK_EQ(getParseError("return 0x0x0x0x0x0x0x0"), "Malformed number");
-}
-
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "break_return_not_last_error")
 {
     CHECK_EQ(getParseError("return 0 print(5)"), "Expected <eof>, got 'print'");
diff --git a/tests/ToDot.test.cpp b/tests/ToDot.test.cpp
index c0cbe177..11dca110 100644
--- a/tests/ToDot.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/ToDot.test.cpp
@@ -80,14 +80,9 @@ n1 [label="AnyType 1"];
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "bound")
 {
-    CheckResult result = check(R"(
-function a(): number return 444 end
-local b = a()
-)");
-    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+    TypeArena arena;
 
-    std::optional<TypeId> ty = getType("b");
-    REQUIRE(bool(ty));
+    TypeId ty = arena.addType(BoundType{builtinTypes->numberType});
 
     ToDotOptions opts;
     opts.showPointers = false;
@@ -96,7 +91,7 @@ n1 [label="BoundType 1"];
 n1 -> n2;
 n2 [label="number"];
 })",
-        toDot(*ty, opts));
+        toDot(ty, opts));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "function")
@@ -172,10 +167,9 @@ n3 [label="number"];
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "intersection")
 {
-    CheckResult result = check(R"(
-local a: string & number -- uninhabited
-)");
-    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+    TypeArena arena;
+
+    TypeId ty = arena.addType(IntersectionType{{builtinTypes->stringType, builtinTypes->numberType}});
 
     ToDotOptions opts;
     opts.showPointers = false;
@@ -186,7 +180,7 @@ n2 [label="string"];
 n1 -> n3;
 n3 [label="number"];
 })",
-        toDot(requireType("a"), opts));
+        toDot(ty, opts));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "table")
@@ -396,44 +390,25 @@ n3 [label="number"];
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "bound_table")
 {
-    CheckResult result = check(R"(
-local a = {x=2}
-local b
-b.x = 2
-b = a
-)");
-    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+    TypeArena arena;
 
-    std::optional<TypeId> ty = getType("b");
-    REQUIRE(bool(ty));
+    TypeId ty = arena.addType(TableType{});
+    getMutable<TableType>(ty)->props["x"] = {builtinTypes->numberType};
+
+    TypeId boundTy = arena.addType(TableType{});
+    getMutable<TableType>(boundTy)->boundTo = ty;
 
     ToDotOptions opts;
     opts.showPointers = false;
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(R"(digraph graphname {
-n1 [label="BoundType 1"];
-n1 -> n2;
-n2 [label="TableType 2"];
-n2 -> n3 [label="boundTo"];
-n3 [label="TableType a"];
-n3 -> n4 [label="x"];
-n4 [label="number"];
-})",
-            toDot(*ty, opts));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(R"(digraph graphname {
+    CHECK_EQ(R"(digraph graphname {
 n1 [label="TableType 1"];
 n1 -> n2 [label="boundTo"];
-n2 [label="TableType a"];
+n2 [label="TableType 2"];
 n2 -> n3 [label="x"];
 n3 [label="number"];
 })",
-            toDot(*ty, opts));
-    }
+        toDot(boundTy, opts));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "builtintypes")
diff --git a/tests/ToString.test.cpp b/tests/ToString.test.cpp
index 0e51f976..d96b1ccb 100644
--- a/tests/ToString.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/ToString.test.cpp
@@ -291,9 +291,9 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "quit_stringifying_type_when_length_is_exceeded")
     {
         o.maxTypeLength = 30;
         CHECK_EQ(toString(requireType("f0"), o), "() -> ()");
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireType("f1"), o), "<a>(a) -> (() -> ()) | (a & ~(false?))... *TRUNCATED*");
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireType("f2"), o), "<b>(b) -> (<a>(a) -> (() -> ()) | (a & ~(false?))... *TRUNCATED*");
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireType("f3"), o), "<c>(c) -> (<b>(b) -> (<a>(a) -> (() -> ()) | (a & ~(false?))... *TRUNCATED*");
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireType("f1"), o), "<a>(a) -> (() -> ()) | (a & ~false & ~nil)... *TRUNCATED*");
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireType("f2"), o), "<b>(b) -> (<a>(a) -> (() -> ()) | (a & ~false & ~nil)... *TRUNCATED*");
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireType("f3"), o), "<c>(c) -> (<b>(b) -> (<a>(a) -> (() -> ()) | (a & ~false & ~nil)... *TRUNCATED*");
     }
     else
     {
@@ -321,9 +321,9 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "stringifying_type_is_still_capped_when_exhaustive")
     {
         o.maxTypeLength = 30;
         CHECK_EQ(toString(requireType("f0"), o), "() -> ()");
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireType("f1"), o), "<a>(a) -> (() -> ()) | (a & ~(false?))... *TRUNCATED*");
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireType("f2"), o), "<b>(b) -> (<a>(a) -> (() -> ()) | (a & ~(false?))... *TRUNCATED*");
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireType("f3"), o), "<c>(c) -> (<b>(b) -> (<a>(a) -> (() -> ()) | (a & ~(false?))... *TRUNCATED*");
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireType("f1"), o), "<a>(a) -> (() -> ()) | (a & ~false & ~nil)... *TRUNCATED*");
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireType("f2"), o), "<b>(b) -> (<a>(a) -> (() -> ()) | (a & ~false & ~nil)... *TRUNCATED*");
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireType("f3"), o), "<c>(c) -> (<b>(b) -> (<a>(a) -> (() -> ()) | (a & ~false & ~nil)... *TRUNCATED*");
     }
     else
     {
diff --git a/tests/TypeInfer.aliases.test.cpp b/tests/TypeInfer.aliases.test.cpp
index cd0a0630..1eaec909 100644
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.aliases.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.aliases.test.cpp
@@ -357,8 +357,6 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "cli_38393_recursive_intersection_oom")
         type t0<t0> = ((typeof(_))&((t0)&(((typeof(_))&(t0))->typeof(_))),{n163:any,})->(any,typeof(_))
         _(_)
     )");
-
-    LUAU_REQUIRE_ERRORS(result);
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "type_alias_fwd_declaration_is_precise")
diff --git a/tests/TypeInfer.intersectionTypes.test.cpp b/tests/TypeInfer.intersectionTypes.test.cpp
index e18a7378..ea6fff77 100644
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.intersectionTypes.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.intersectionTypes.test.cpp
@@ -132,22 +132,40 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "should_still_pick_an_overload_whose_arguments_are_un
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "propagates_name")
 {
-    const std::string code = R"(
-        type A={a:number}
-        type B={b:string}
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+    {
+        CheckResult result = check(R"(
+            type A={a:number}
+            type B={b:string}
 
-        local c:A&B
-        local b = c
-    )";
-    const std::string expected = R"(
-        type A={a:number}
-        type B={b:string}
+            local c:A&B
+            local b = c
+        )");
 
-        local c:A&B
-        local b:A&B=c
-    )";
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    CHECK_EQ(expected, decorateWithTypes(code));
+        CHECK("{| a: number, b: string |}" == toString(requireType("b")));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        const std::string code = R"(
+            type A={a:number}
+            type B={b:string}
+
+            local c:A&B
+            local b = c
+        )";
+
+        const std::string expected = R"(
+            type A={a:number}
+            type B={b:string}
+
+            local c:A&B
+            local b:A&B=c
+        )";
+
+        CHECK_EQ(expected, decorateWithTypes(code));
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "index_on_an_intersection_type_with_property_guaranteed_to_exist")
@@ -161,17 +179,10 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "index_on_an_intersection_type_with_property_guarante
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
-
-    const IntersectionType* r = get<IntersectionType>(requireType("r"));
-    REQUIRE(r);
-
-    TableType* a = getMutable<TableType>(r->parts[0]);
-    REQUIRE(a);
-    CHECK_EQ(typeChecker.numberType, a->props["y"].type);
-
-    TableType* b = getMutable<TableType>(r->parts[1]);
-    REQUIRE(b);
-    CHECK_EQ(typeChecker.numberType, b->props["y"].type);
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+        CHECK("{| y: number |}" == toString(requireType("r")));
+    else
+        CHECK("{| y: number |} & {| y: number |}" == toString(requireType("r")));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "index_on_an_intersection_type_works_at_arbitrary_depth")
@@ -207,7 +218,10 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "index_on_an_intersection_type_with_mixed_types")
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
-    CHECK_EQ("number & string", toString(requireType("r")));
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+        CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireType("r")));
+    else
+        CHECK_EQ("number & string", toString(requireType("r")));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "index_on_an_intersection_type_with_one_part_missing_the_property")
@@ -387,7 +401,10 @@ local a: XYZ = 3
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
-    CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), R"(Type 'number' could not be converted into 'X & Y & Z'
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), R"(Type 'number' could not be converted into '{| x: number, y: number, z: number |}')");
+    else
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), R"(Type 'number' could not be converted into 'X & Y & Z'
 caused by:
   Not all intersection parts are compatible. Type 'number' could not be converted into 'X')");
 }
@@ -404,7 +421,11 @@ local b: number = a
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
-    CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), R"(Type 'X & Y & Z' could not be converted into 'number'; none of the intersection parts are compatible)");
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), R"(Type '{| x: number, y: number, z: number |}' could not be converted into 'number')");
+    else
+        CHECK_EQ(
+            toString(result.errors[0]), R"(Type 'X & Y & Z' could not be converted into 'number'; none of the intersection parts are compatible)");
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "overload_is_not_a_function")
@@ -444,7 +465,11 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "intersect_bool_and_false")
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
-    CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), "Type 'boolean & false' could not be converted into 'true'; none of the intersection parts are compatible");
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), "Type 'false' could not be converted into 'true'");
+    else
+        CHECK_EQ(
+            toString(result.errors[0]), "Type 'boolean & false' could not be converted into 'true'; none of the intersection parts are compatible");
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "intersect_false_and_bool_and_false")
@@ -456,9 +481,14 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "intersect_false_and_bool_and_false")
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
-    // TODO: odd stringification of `false & (boolean & false)`.)
-    CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]),
-        "Type 'boolean & false & false' could not be converted into 'true'; none of the intersection parts are compatible");
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), "Type 'false' could not be converted into 'true'");
+    else
+    {
+        // TODO: odd stringification of `false & (boolean & false)`.)
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]),
+            "Type 'boolean & false & false' could not be converted into 'true'; none of the intersection parts are compatible");
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "intersect_saturate_overloaded_functions")
@@ -496,8 +526,21 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "intersection_of_tables")
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
-    CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), "Type '{| p: number?, q: number?, r: number? |} & {| p: number?, q: string? |}' could not be converted into "
-                                         "'{| p: nil |}'; none of the intersection parts are compatible");
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+    {
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]),
+            "Type '{| p: number?, q: nil, r: number? |}' could not be converted into '{| p: nil |}'\n"
+            "caused by:\n"
+            "  Property 'p' is not compatible. Type 'number?' could not be converted into 'nil'\n"
+            "caused by:\n"
+            "  Not all union options are compatible. Type 'number' could not be converted into 'nil' in an invariant context");
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]),
+            "Type '{| p: number?, q: number?, r: number? |} & {| p: number?, q: string? |}' could not be converted into "
+            "'{| p: nil |}'; none of the intersection parts are compatible");
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "intersection_of_tables_with_top_properties")
@@ -508,9 +551,35 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "intersection_of_tables_with_top_properties")
         local z : { p : string?, q : number? } = x -- Not OK
     )");
 
-    LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
-    CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), "Type '{| p: number?, q: any |} & {| p: unknown, q: string? |}' could not be converted into '{| p: string?, "
-                                         "q: number? |}'; none of the intersection parts are compatible");
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+    {
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(2, result);
+
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]),
+            "Type '{| p: number?, q: string? |}' could not be converted into '{| p: string?, q: number? |}'\n"
+            "caused by:\n"
+            "  Property 'p' is not compatible. Type 'number?' could not be converted into 'string?'\n"
+            "caused by:\n"
+            "  Not all union options are compatible. Type 'number' could not be converted into 'string?'\n"
+            "caused by:\n"
+            "  None of the union options are compatible. For example: Type 'number' could not be converted into 'string' in an invariant context");
+
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[1]),
+            "Type '{| p: number?, q: string? |}' could not be converted into '{| p: string?, q: number? |}'\n"
+            "caused by:\n"
+            "  Property 'q' is not compatible. Type 'string?' could not be converted into 'number?'\n"
+            "caused by:\n"
+            "  Not all union options are compatible. Type 'string' could not be converted into 'number?'\n"
+            "caused by:\n"
+            "  None of the union options are compatible. For example: Type 'string' could not be converted into 'number' in an invariant context");
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]),
+            "Type '{| p: number?, q: any |} & {| p: unknown, q: string? |}' could not be converted into '{| p: string?, "
+            "q: number? |}'; none of the intersection parts are compatible");
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "intersection_of_tables_with_never_properties")
@@ -537,9 +606,18 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "overloaded_functions_returning_intersections")
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
-    CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]),
-        "Type '((number?) -> {| p: number |} & {| q: number |}) & ((string?) -> {| p: number |} & {| r: number |})' could not be converted into "
-        "'(number?) -> {| p: number, q: number, r: number |}'; none of the intersection parts are compatible");
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+    {
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]),
+            "Type '((number?) -> {| p: number, q: number |}) & ((string?) -> {| p: number, r: number |})' could not be converted into "
+            "'(number?) -> {| p: number, q: number, r: number |}'; none of the intersection parts are compatible");
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]),
+            "Type '((number?) -> {| p: number |} & {| q: number |}) & ((string?) -> {| p: number |} & {| r: number |})' could not be converted into "
+            "'(number?) -> {| p: number, q: number, r: number |}'; none of the intersection parts are compatible");
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "overloaded_functions_mentioning_generic")
@@ -840,7 +918,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "less_greedy_unification_with_intersection_types")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    CHECK_EQ("({| x: number |} & {| x: string |}) -> {| x: number |} & {| x: string |}", toString(requireType("f")));
+    CHECK_EQ("(never) -> never", toString(requireType("f")));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "less_greedy_unification_with_intersection_types_2")
@@ -856,7 +934,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "less_greedy_unification_with_intersection_types_2")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    CHECK_EQ("({| x: number |} & {| x: string |}) -> number & string", toString(requireType("f")));
+    CHECK_EQ("(never) -> never", toString(requireType("f")));
 }
 
 TEST_SUITE_END();
diff --git a/tests/TypeInfer.loops.test.cpp b/tests/TypeInfer.loops.test.cpp
index 7a89df96..30cbe1d5 100644
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.loops.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.loops.test.cpp
@@ -661,4 +661,32 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "loop_iter_metamethod_ok_with_inference")
     CHECK(toString(requireType("b")) == "string");
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "for_loop_lower_bound_is_string")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        for i: unknown = 1, 10 do end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "for_loop_lower_bound_is_string_2")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        for i: never = 1, 10 do end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
+    CHECK_EQ("Type 'number' could not be converted into 'never'", toString(result.errors[0]));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "for_loop_lower_bound_is_string_3")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        for i: number | string = 1, 10 do end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+}
+
 TEST_SUITE_END();
diff --git a/tests/TypeInfer.operators.test.cpp b/tests/TypeInfer.operators.test.cpp
index d4350fde..feb04c29 100644
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.operators.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.operators.test.cpp
@@ -25,16 +25,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "or_joins_types")
         local x:string|number = s
     )");
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(*requireType("s")), "(string & ~(false?)) | number");
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(*requireType("x")), "number | string");
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(*requireType("s")), "number | string");
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(*requireType("x")), "number | string");
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(*requireType("s")), "number | string");
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(*requireType("x")), "number | string");
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "or_joins_types_with_no_extras")
@@ -45,16 +37,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "or_joins_types_with_no_extras")
         local y = x or "s"
     )");
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(*requireType("s")), "(string & ~(false?)) | number");
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(*requireType("y")), "((number | string) & ~(false?)) | string");
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(*requireType("s")), "number | string");
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(*requireType("y")), "number | string");
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(*requireType("s")), "number | string");
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(*requireType("y")), "number | string");
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "or_joins_types_with_no_superfluous_union")
@@ -78,14 +62,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "and_does_not_always_add_boolean")
         local x:boolean|number = s
     )");
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(*requireType("s")), "((false?) & string) | number");
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(*requireType("s")), "number");
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(*requireType("s")), "number");
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "and_adds_boolean_no_superfluous_union")
@@ -104,14 +81,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "and_or_ternary")
         local s = (1/2) > 0.5 and "a" or 10
     )");
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(*requireType("s")), "((((false?) & boolean) | string) & ~(false?)) | number");
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(*requireType("s")), "number | string");
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(*requireType("s")), "number | string");
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "primitive_arith_no_metatable")
@@ -833,14 +803,7 @@ local b: number = 1 or a
     TypeMismatch* tm = get<TypeMismatch>(result.errors[0]);
     REQUIRE(tm);
     CHECK_EQ(typeChecker.numberType, tm->wantedType);
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("((number & ~(false?)) | number)?", toString(tm->givenType));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("number?", toString(tm->givenType));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("number?", toString(tm->givenType));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "operator_eq_verifies_types_do_intersect")
@@ -901,14 +864,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "refine_and_or")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("((((false?) & ({| x: number? |}?)) | a) & ~(false?)) | number", toString(requireType("u")));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("number", toString(requireType("u")));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("number", toString(requireType("u")));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "infer_any_in_all_modes_when_lhs_is_unknown")
@@ -1095,20 +1051,16 @@ local z = b and 1
 local w = c and 1
     )");
 
+    CHECK("number?" == toString(requireType("x")));
+    CHECK("number" == toString(requireType("y")));
     if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK("((false?) & (number?)) | number" == toString(requireType("x")));
-        CHECK("((false?) & string) | number" == toString(requireType("y")));
-        CHECK("((false?) & boolean) | number" == toString(requireType("z")));
-        CHECK("((false?) & a) | number" == toString(requireType("w")));
-    }
+        CHECK("false | number" == toString(requireType("z")));
     else
-    {
-        CHECK("number?" == toString(requireType("x")));
-        CHECK("number" == toString(requireType("y")));
         CHECK("boolean | number" == toString(requireType("z"))); // 'false' widened to boolean
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+        CHECK("((false?) & a) | number" == toString(requireType("w")));
+    else
         CHECK("(boolean | number)?" == toString(requireType("w")));
-    }
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "reworked_or")
@@ -1133,24 +1085,20 @@ local e1 = e or 'e'
 local f1 = f or 'f'
     )");
 
+    CHECK("number | string" == toString(requireType("a1")));
+    CHECK("number" == toString(requireType("b1")));
     if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
     {
-        CHECK("((false | number) & ~(false?)) | string" == toString(requireType("a1")));
-        CHECK("((number?) & ~(false?)) | number" == toString(requireType("b1")));
-        CHECK("(boolean & ~(false?)) | string" == toString(requireType("c1")));
-        CHECK("(true & ~(false?)) | string" == toString(requireType("d1")));
-        CHECK("(false & ~(false?)) | string" == toString(requireType("e1")));
-        CHECK("(nil & ~(false?)) | string" == toString(requireType("f1")));
+        CHECK("string | true" == toString(requireType("c1")));
+        CHECK("string | true" == toString(requireType("d1")));
     }
     else
     {
-        CHECK("number | string" == toString(requireType("a1")));
-        CHECK("number" == toString(requireType("b1")));
         CHECK("boolean | string" == toString(requireType("c1"))); // 'true' widened to boolean
         CHECK("boolean | string" == toString(requireType("d1"))); // 'true' widened to boolean
-        CHECK("string" == toString(requireType("e1")));
-        CHECK("string" == toString(requireType("f1")));
     }
+    CHECK("string" == toString(requireType("e1")));
+    CHECK("string" == toString(requireType("f1")));
 }
 
 TEST_SUITE_END();
diff --git a/tests/TypeInfer.provisional.test.cpp b/tests/TypeInfer.provisional.test.cpp
index 93752021..7d629f71 100644
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.provisional.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.provisional.test.cpp
@@ -594,28 +594,6 @@ return wrapStrictTable(Constants, "Constants")
     CHECK(get<AnyType>(*result));
 }
 
-// We need a simplification step to make this do the right thing. ("normalization-lite")
-TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "table_insert_with_a_singleton_argument")
-{
-    CheckResult result = check(R"(
-        local function foo(t, x)
-            if x == "hi" or x == "bye" then
-                table.insert(t, x)
-            end
-
-            return t
-        end
-
-        local t = foo({}, "hi")
-        table.insert(t, "totally_unrelated_type" :: "totally_unrelated_type")
-    )");
-
-    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
-
-    // We'd really like for this to be {string}
-    CHECK_EQ("{string | string}", toString(requireType("t")));
-}
-
 namespace
 {
 struct IsSubtypeFixture : Fixture
@@ -814,4 +792,44 @@ caused by:
     }
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "table_insert_with_a_singleton_argument")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        local function foo(t, x)
+            if x == "hi" or x == "bye" then
+                table.insert(t, x)
+            end
+
+            return t
+        end
+
+        local t = foo({}, "hi")
+        table.insert(t, "totally_unrelated_type" :: "totally_unrelated_type")
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+        CHECK_EQ("{string}", toString(requireType("t")));
+    else
+    {
+        // We'd really like for this to be {string}
+        CHECK_EQ("{string | string}", toString(requireType("t")));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "refine_unknown_to_table_then_clone_it")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        local function f(x: unknown)
+            if typeof(x) == "table" then
+                local cloned: {} = table.clone(x)
+            end
+        end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
+    // LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+}
+
 TEST_SUITE_END();
diff --git a/tests/TypeInfer.refinements.test.cpp b/tests/TypeInfer.refinements.test.cpp
index 786b07d1..43c0b38e 100644
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.refinements.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.refinements.test.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ std::optional<WithPredicate<TypePackId>> magicFunctionInstanceIsA(
     return WithPredicate<TypePackId>{booleanPack, {IsAPredicate{std::move(*lvalue), expr.location, tfun->type}}};
 }
 
-std::vector<ConnectiveId> dcrMagicRefinementInstanceIsA(const MagicRefinementContext& ctx)
+std::vector<RefinementId> dcrMagicRefinementInstanceIsA(const MagicRefinementContext& ctx)
 {
     if (ctx.callSite->args.size != 1)
         return {};
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ std::vector<ConnectiveId> dcrMagicRefinementInstanceIsA(const MagicRefinementCon
     if (!tfun)
         return {};
 
-    return {ctx.connectiveArena->proposition(*def, tfun->type)};
+    return {ctx.refinementArena->proposition(*def, tfun->type)};
 }
 
 struct RefinementClassFixture : BuiltinsFixture
@@ -122,16 +122,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "is_truthy_constraint")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(string?) & ~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 26})));
-        CHECK_EQ("(string?) & ~~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 26})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 26})));
-        CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 26})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 26})));
+    CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 26})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "invert_is_truthy_constraint")
@@ -148,16 +140,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "invert_is_truthy_constraint")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(string?) & ~~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 26})));
-        CHECK_EQ("(string?) & ~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 26})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 26})));
-        CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 26})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 26})));
+    CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 26})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "parenthesized_expressions_are_followed_through")
@@ -174,16 +158,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "parenthesized_expressions_are_followed_through")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(string?) & ~~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 26})));
-        CHECK_EQ("(string?) & ~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 26})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 26})));
-        CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 26})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 26})));
+    CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 26})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "and_constraint")
@@ -202,16 +178,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "and_constraint")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(string?) & ~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 26})));
-        CHECK_EQ("(number?) & ~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 26})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 26})));
-        CHECK_EQ("number", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 26})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 26})));
+    CHECK_EQ("number", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 26})));
 
     CHECK_EQ("string?", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 26})));
     CHECK_EQ("number?", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({7, 26})));
@@ -236,16 +204,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "not_and_constraint")
     CHECK_EQ("string?", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 26})));
     CHECK_EQ("number?", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 26})));
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(string?) & ~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 26})));
-        CHECK_EQ("(number?) & ~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({7, 26})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 26})));
-        CHECK_EQ("number", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({7, 26})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 26})));
+    CHECK_EQ("number", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({7, 26})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "or_predicate_with_truthy_predicates")
@@ -267,16 +227,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "or_predicate_with_truthy_predicates")
     CHECK_EQ("string?", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 26})));
     CHECK_EQ("number?", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 26})));
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(string?) & ~~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 26})));
-        CHECK_EQ("(number?) & ~~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({7, 26})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 26})));
-        CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({7, 26})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 26})));
+    CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({7, 26})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "a_and_b_or_a_and_c")
@@ -297,26 +249,17 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "a_and_b_or_a_and_c")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(string?) & (~(false?) | ~(false?))", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("number?", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("boolean", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
 
-        CHECK_EQ("string?", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({7, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("number?", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({8, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("boolean", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({9, 28})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
+    CHECK_EQ("number?", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 28})));
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+        CHECK_EQ("boolean", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
     else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("number?", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 28})));
         CHECK_EQ("true", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28}))); // oh no! :(
 
-        CHECK_EQ("string?", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({7, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("number?", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({8, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("boolean", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({9, 28})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("string?", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({7, 28})));
+    CHECK_EQ("number?", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({8, 28})));
+    CHECK_EQ("boolean", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({9, 28})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "type_assertion_expr_carry_its_constraints")
@@ -357,14 +300,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "typeguard_in_if_condition_position")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("any & number", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 26})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("number", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 26})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("number", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 26})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "typeguard_in_assert_position")
@@ -433,8 +369,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "truthy_constraint_on_properties")
 
     if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
     {
-        CHECK("{| x: number? |} & {| x: ~(false?) |}" == toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 23})));
-        CHECK("(number?) & ~(false?)" == toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 26})));
+        CHECK("{| x: number |}" == toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 23})));
+        CHECK("number" == toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 26})));
     }
 
     CHECK_EQ("number?", toString(requireType("bar")));
@@ -478,22 +414,11 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "lvalue_is_equal_to_another_lvalue")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 33})), "((number | string)?) & unknown"); // a == b
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 36})), "(boolean?) & unknown");           // a == b
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 33})), "(number | string)?"); // a == b
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 36})), "boolean?");           // a == b
 
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 33})), "((number | string)?) & unknown"); // a ~= b
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 36})), "(boolean?) & unknown");           // a ~= b
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 33})), "(number | string)?"); // a == b
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 36})), "boolean?");           // a == b
-
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 33})), "(number | string)?"); // a ~= b
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 36})), "boolean?");           // a ~= b
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 33})), "(number | string)?"); // a ~= b
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 36})), "boolean?");           // a ~= b
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "lvalue_is_equal_to_a_term")
@@ -510,16 +435,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "lvalue_is_equal_to_a_term")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})), "((number | string)?) & unknown"); // a == 1
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})), "((number | string)?) & unknown"); // a ~= 1
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})), "(number | string)?"); // a == 1;
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})), "(number | string)?"); // a ~= 1
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})), "(number | string)?"); // a == 1;
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})), "(number | string)?"); // a ~= 1
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "term_is_equal_to_an_lvalue")
@@ -538,8 +455,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "term_is_equal_to_an_lvalue")
 
     if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
     {
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})), R"("hello" & ((number | string)?))");  // a == "hello"
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})), R"(((number | string)?) & ~"hello")"); // a ~= "hello"
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})), R"("hello")");                         // a == "hello"
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})), R"(((string & ~"hello") | number)?)"); // a ~= "hello"
     }
     else
     {
@@ -562,16 +479,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "lvalue_is_not_nil")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})), "((number | string)?) & ~nil");    // a ~= nil
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})), "((number | string)?) & unknown"); // a == nil
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})), "number | string");    // a ~= nil
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})), "(number | string)?"); // a == nil
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})), "number | string");    // a ~= nil
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})), "(number | string)?"); // a == nil
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "free_type_is_equal_to_an_lvalue")
@@ -586,17 +495,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "free_type_is_equal_to_an_lvalue")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        ToStringOptions opts;
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 33}), opts), "a & unknown");         // a == b
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 36}), opts), "(string?) & unknown"); // a == b
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 33})), "a");       // a == b
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 36})), "string?"); // a == b
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 33})), "a");       // a == b
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 36})), "string?"); // a == b
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "unknown_lvalue_is_not_synonymous_with_other_on_not_equal")
@@ -611,16 +511,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "unknown_lvalue_is_not_synonymous_with_other_on_not_e
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 33})), "any & unknown");                // a ~= b
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 36})), "({| x: number |}?) & unknown"); // a ~= b
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 33})), "any");              // a ~= b
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 36})), "{| x: number |}?"); // a ~= b
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 33})), "any");              // a ~= b
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 36})), "{| x: number |}?"); // a ~= b
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "string_not_equal_to_string_or_nil")
@@ -639,22 +531,11 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "string_not_equal_to_string_or_nil")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 29})), "string & unknown");    // a ~= b
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 32})), "(string?) & unknown"); // a ~= b
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 29})), "string");  // a ~= b
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 32})), "string?"); // a ~= b
 
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({8, 29})), "string & unknown");    // a == b
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({8, 32})), "(string?) & unknown"); // a == b
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 29})), "string");  // a ~= b
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 32})), "string?"); // a ~= b
-
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({8, 29})), "string");  // a == b
-        CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({8, 32})), "string?"); // a == b
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({8, 29})), "string");  // a == b
+    CHECK_EQ(toString(requireTypeAtPosition({8, 32})), "string?"); // a == b
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "narrow_property_of_a_bounded_variable")
@@ -729,16 +610,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "typeguard_not_to_be_string")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(boolean | number | string) & ~string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28}))); // type(x) ~= "string"
-        CHECK_EQ("(boolean | number | string) & string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));  // type(x) == "string"
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("boolean | number", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28}))); // type(x) ~= "string"
-        CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));           // type(x) == "string"
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("boolean | number", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28}))); // type(x) ~= "string"
+    CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));           // type(x) == "string"
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "typeguard_narrows_for_table")
@@ -773,16 +646,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "typeguard_narrows_for_functions")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(((number) -> string) | string) & function", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));  // type(x) == "function"
-        CHECK_EQ("(((number) -> string) | string) & ~function", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28}))); // type(x) ~= "function"
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(number) -> string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28}))); // type(x) == "function"
-        CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));             // type(x) ~= "function"
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("(number) -> string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28}))); // type(x) == "function"
+    CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));             // type(x) ~= "function"
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "type_guard_can_filter_for_intersection_of_tables")
@@ -821,16 +686,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "type_guard_can_filter_for_overloaded_functio
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("((((number) -> string) & ((string) -> number))?) & function", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("((((number) -> string) & ((string) -> number))?) & ~function", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 28})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("((number) -> string) & ((string) -> number)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 28})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("((number) -> string) & ((string) -> number)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 28})));
+    CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 28})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "type_guard_narrowed_into_nothingness")
@@ -898,16 +755,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "not_a_and_not_b")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(number?) & ~~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("(number?) & ~~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 28})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 28})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
+    CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 28})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "not_a_and_not_b2")
@@ -923,16 +772,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "not_a_and_not_b2")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(number?) & ~~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("(number?) & ~~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 28})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 28})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
+    CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({4, 28})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "either_number_or_string")
@@ -947,14 +788,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "either_number_or_string")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(number | string) & any", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("number | string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("number | string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "not_t_or_some_prop_of_t")
@@ -984,16 +818,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "assert_a_to_be_truthy_then_assert_a_to_be_nu
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("((number | string)?) & ~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 18})));
-        CHECK_EQ("((number | string)?) & ~(false?) & number", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 18})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("number | string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 18})));
-        CHECK_EQ("number", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 18})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("number | string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 18})));
+    CHECK_EQ("number", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 18})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "merge_should_be_fully_agnostic_of_hashmap_ordering")
@@ -1012,14 +838,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "merge_should_be_fully_agnostic_of_hashmap_or
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(string | table) & (string | {| x: string |}) & string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 28})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 28})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 28})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "refine_the_correct_types_opposite_of_when_a_is_not_number_or_string")
@@ -1036,16 +855,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "refine_the_correct_types_opposite_of_when_a_
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(boolean | number | string) & ~number & ~string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("(boolean | number | string) & (number | string)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("boolean", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("number | string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("boolean", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
+    CHECK_EQ("number | string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "is_truthy_constraint_ifelse_expression")
@@ -1058,16 +869,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "is_truthy_constraint_ifelse_expression")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(string?) & ~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({2, 29})));
-        CHECK_EQ("(string?) & ~~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({2, 45})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({2, 29})));
-        CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({2, 45})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({2, 29})));
+    CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({2, 45})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "invert_is_truthy_constraint_ifelse_expression")
@@ -1080,16 +883,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "invert_is_truthy_constraint_ifelse_expressio
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(string?) & ~~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({2, 42})));
-        CHECK_EQ("(string?) & ~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({2, 50})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({2, 42})));
-        CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({2, 50})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("nil", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({2, 42})));
+    CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({2, 50})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "type_comparison_ifelse_expression")
@@ -1106,16 +901,11 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "type_comparison_ifelse_expression")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
+    CHECK_EQ("number", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 49})));
     if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("any & number", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 49})));
-        CHECK_EQ("any & ~number", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 66})));
-    }
+        CHECK_EQ("~number", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 66})));
     else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("number", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 49})));
         CHECK_EQ("any", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({6, 66})));
-    }
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "correctly_lookup_a_shadowed_local_that_which_was_previously_refined")
@@ -1196,17 +986,11 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "discriminate_from_truthiness_of_x")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
+    CHECK_EQ(R"({| tag: "exists", x: string |})", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
     if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(R"(({| tag: "exists", x: string |} | {| tag: "missing", x: nil |}) & {| x: ~(false?) |})", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ(
-            R"(({| tag: "exists", x: string |} | {| tag: "missing", x: nil |}) & {| x: ~~(false?) |})", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({7, 28})));
-    }
+        CHECK_EQ(R"({| tag: "missing", x: nil |})", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({7, 28})));
     else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(R"({| tag: "exists", x: string |})", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
         CHECK_EQ(R"({| tag: "exists", x: string |} | {| tag: "missing", x: nil |})", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({7, 28})));
-    }
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "discriminate_tag")
@@ -1229,8 +1013,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "discriminate_tag")
 
     if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
     {
-        CHECK_EQ(R"((Cat | Dog) & {| tag: "Cat" |})", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({7, 33})));
-        CHECK_EQ(R"((Cat | Dog) & {| tag: ~"Cat" |} & {| tag: "Dog" |})", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({9, 33})));
+        CHECK_EQ(R"({| catfood: string, name: string, tag: "Cat" |})", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({7, 33})));
+        CHECK_EQ(R"({| dogfood: string, name: string, tag: "Dog" |})", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({9, 33})));
     }
     else
     {
@@ -1259,8 +1043,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "discriminate_tag_with_implicit_else")
 
     if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
     {
-        CHECK_EQ(R"((Cat | Dog) & {| tag: "Cat" |})", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({7, 33})));
-        CHECK_EQ(R"((Cat | Dog) & {| tag: ~"Cat" |})", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({9, 33})));
+        CHECK_EQ(R"({| catfood: string, name: string, tag: "Cat" |})", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({7, 33})));
+        CHECK_EQ(R"({| dogfood: string, name: string, tag: "Dog" |})", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({9, 33})));
     }
     else
     {
@@ -1294,16 +1078,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "narrow_boolean_to_true_or_false")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("boolean & ~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("boolean & ~~(false?)", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("true", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("false", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("true", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
+    CHECK_EQ("false", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "discriminate_on_properties_of_disjoint_tables_where_that_property_is_true_or_false")
@@ -1355,16 +1131,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(RefinementClassFixture, "discriminate_from_isa_of_x")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(R"(({| tag: "Folder", x: Folder |} | {| tag: "Part", x: Part |}) & {| x: Part |})", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ(R"(({| tag: "Folder", x: Folder |} | {| tag: "Part", x: Part |}) & {| x: ~Part |})", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({7, 28})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ(R"({| tag: "Part", x: Part |})", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ(R"({| tag: "Folder", x: Folder |})", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({7, 28})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ(R"({| tag: "Part", x: Part |})", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
+    CHECK_EQ(R"({| tag: "Folder", x: Folder |})", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({7, 28})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(RefinementClassFixture, "typeguard_cast_free_table_to_vector")
@@ -1406,16 +1174,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(RefinementClassFixture, "typeguard_cast_instance_or_vector3_to
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(Instance | Vector3) & Vector3", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("(Instance | Vector3) & ~Vector3", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("Vector3", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("Instance", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("Vector3", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
+    CHECK_EQ("Instance", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(RefinementClassFixture, "type_narrow_for_all_the_userdata")
@@ -1452,8 +1212,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(RefinementClassFixture, "type_narrow_but_the_discriminant_type
 
     if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
     {
-        CHECK_EQ("(Instance | Vector3 | number | string) & never", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("(Instance | Vector3 | number | string) & ~never", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
+        CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
+        CHECK_EQ("Instance | Vector3 | number | string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
     }
     else
     {
@@ -1476,16 +1236,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(RefinementClassFixture, "eliminate_subclasses_of_instance")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(Folder | Part | string) & Instance", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("(Folder | Part | string) & ~Instance", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("Folder | Part", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("Folder | Part", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
+    CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(RefinementClassFixture, "narrow_from_subclasses_of_instance_or_string_or_vector3")
@@ -1502,16 +1254,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(RefinementClassFixture, "narrow_from_subclasses_of_instance_or
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(Folder | Part | Vector3 | string) & Instance", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("(Folder | Part | Vector3 | string) & ~Instance", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("Folder | Part", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("Vector3 | string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("Folder | Part", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
+    CHECK_EQ("Vector3 | string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(RefinementClassFixture, "x_as_any_if_x_is_instance_elseif_x_is_table")
@@ -1556,16 +1300,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(RefinementClassFixture, "refine_param_of_type_instance_without
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("Folder & Instance", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("Instance & ~Folder & table", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("Folder", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("Folder", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
+    CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(RefinementClassFixture, "refine_param_of_type_folder_or_part_without_using_typeof")
@@ -1582,16 +1318,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(RefinementClassFixture, "refine_param_of_type_folder_or_part_w
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("(Folder | Part) & Folder", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("(Folder | Part) & ~Folder", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("Folder", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("Part", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("Folder", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
+    CHECK_EQ("Part", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(RefinementClassFixture, "isa_type_refinement_must_be_known_ahead_of_time")
@@ -1610,16 +1338,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(RefinementClassFixture, "isa_type_refinement_must_be_known_ahe
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("Instance", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("Instance", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("Instance", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("Instance", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("Instance", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
+    CHECK_EQ("Instance", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(RefinementClassFixture, "x_is_not_instance_or_else_not_part")
@@ -1673,8 +1393,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "refine_unknowns")
 
     if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
     {
-        CHECK_EQ("unknown & string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-        CHECK_EQ("unknown & ~string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
+        CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
+        CHECK_EQ("~string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({5, 28})));
     }
     else
     {
@@ -1714,14 +1434,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "what_nonsensical_condition")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("a & number & string", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
-    }
+    CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 28})));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "else_with_no_explicit_expression_should_also_refine_the_tagged_union")
@@ -1752,7 +1465,30 @@ local _ = _ ~= _ or _ or _
 end
     )");
 
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+    {
+        // Without a realistic motivating case, it's hard to tell if it's important for this to work without errors.
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
+        CHECK(get<NormalizationTooComplex>(result.errors[0]));
+    }
+    else
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "refine_unknown_to_table_then_take_the_length")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag sff{"DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution", true};
+
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        local function f(x: unknown)
+            if typeof(x) == "table" then
+                local len = #x
+            end
+        end
+    )");
+
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+    CHECK_EQ("table", toString(requireTypeAtPosition({3, 29})));
 }
 
 TEST_SUITE_END();
diff --git a/tests/TypeInfer.tables.test.cpp b/tests/TypeInfer.tables.test.cpp
index 626a4c54..e3c1ab10 100644
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.tables.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.tables.test.cpp
@@ -3435,4 +3435,62 @@ _ = _._
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERRORS(result);
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "fuzz_table_unify_instantiated_table")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag sff[]{
+        {"LuauInstantiateInSubtyping", true},
+        {"LuauScalarShapeUnifyToMtOwner2", true},
+        {"LuauTableUnifyInstantiationFix", true},
+    };
+
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+function _(...)
+end
+local function l0():typeof(_()()[_()()[_]])
+end
+return _[_()()[_]] <= _
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_ERRORS(result);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "fuzz_table_unify_instantiated_table_with_prop_realloc")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag sff[]{
+        {"LuauInstantiateInSubtyping", true},
+        {"LuauScalarShapeUnifyToMtOwner2", true},
+        {"LuauTableUnifyInstantiationFix", true},
+    };
+
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+function _(l0,l0)
+do
+_ = _().n0
+end
+l0(_()._,_)
+end
+_(_,function(...)
+end)
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_ERRORS(result);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "fuzz_table_unify_prop_realloc")
+{
+    // For this test, we don't need LuauInstantiateInSubtyping
+    ScopedFastFlag sff[]{
+        {"LuauScalarShapeUnifyToMtOwner2", true},
+        {"LuauTableUnifyInstantiationFix", true},
+    };
+
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+n3,_ = nil
+_ = _[""]._,_[l0][_._][{[_]=_,_=_,}][_G].number
+_ = {_,}
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_ERRORS(result);
+}
+
 TEST_SUITE_END();
diff --git a/tests/TypeInfer.typePacks.cpp b/tests/TypeInfer.typePacks.cpp
index 5486b969..78eb6d47 100644
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.typePacks.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.typePacks.cpp
@@ -1014,7 +1014,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "type_packs_with_tails_in_vararg_adjustment")
                 end)
                 return result
             end
-        end 
+        end
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
diff --git a/tests/TypeInfer.unknownnever.test.cpp b/tests/TypeInfer.unknownnever.test.cpp
index 6caa46ee..6bfb93b2 100644
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.unknownnever.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.unknownnever.test.cpp
@@ -116,11 +116,23 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "type_packs_containing_never_is_itself_uninhabitable"
         local x, y, z = f()
     )");
 
-    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+    {
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
+        CHECK_EQ("Function only returns 2 values, but 3 are required here", toString(result.errors[0]));
 
-    CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireType("x")));
-    CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireType("y")));
-    CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireType("z")));
+        CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireType("x")));
+        CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireType("y")));
+        CHECK_EQ("*error-type*", toString(requireType("z")));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+
+        CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireType("x")));
+        CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireType("y")));
+        CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireType("z")));
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "type_packs_containing_never_is_itself_uninhabitable2")
@@ -135,10 +147,20 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "type_packs_containing_never_is_itself_uninhabitable2
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 
-    CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireType("x1")));
-    CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireType("x2")));
-    CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireType("y1")));
-    CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireType("y2")));
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+    {
+        CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireType("x1")));
+        CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireType("x2")));
+        CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireType("y1")));
+        CHECK_EQ("string", toString(requireType("y2")));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireType("x1")));
+        CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireType("x2")));
+        CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireType("y1")));
+        CHECK_EQ("never", toString(requireType("y2")));
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "index_on_never")
@@ -290,8 +312,14 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "dont_unify_operands_if_one_of_the_operand_is_never_i
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
-    // Widening doesn't normalize yet, so the result is a bit strange
-    CHECK_EQ("<a>(nil, a) -> boolean | boolean", toString(requireType("ord")));
+
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+        CHECK_EQ("<a>(nil, a) -> boolean", toString(requireType("ord")));
+    else
+    {
+        // Widening doesn't normalize yet, so the result is a bit strange
+        CHECK_EQ("<a>(nil, a) -> boolean | boolean", toString(requireType("ord")));
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "math_operators_and_never")
diff --git a/tests/TypeReduction.test.cpp b/tests/TypeReduction.test.cpp
index e078f25f..582725b7 100644
--- a/tests/TypeReduction.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeReduction.test.cpp
@@ -482,6 +482,24 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(ReductionFixture, "intersections_without_negations")
         CHECK("{| [string]: number, p: string |}" == toStringFull(ty));
     }
 
+    SUBCASE("array_number_and_array_string")
+    {
+        TypeId ty = reductionof("{number} & {string}");
+        CHECK("{never}" == toStringFull(ty));
+    }
+
+    SUBCASE("array_string_and_array_string")
+    {
+        TypeId ty = reductionof("{string} & {string}");
+        CHECK("{string}" == toStringFull(ty));
+    }
+
+    SUBCASE("array_string_or_number_and_array_string")
+    {
+        TypeId ty = reductionof("{string | number} & {string}");
+        CHECK("{string}" == toStringFull(ty));
+    }
+
     SUBCASE("fresh_type_and_string")
     {
         TypeId freshTy = arena.freshType(nullptr);
@@ -690,7 +708,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(ReductionFixture, "intersections_with_negations")
     SUBCASE("string_and_not_error")
     {
         TypeId ty = reductionof("string & Not<err>");
-        CHECK("string & ~*error-type*" == toStringFull(ty));
+        CHECK("string" == toStringFull(ty));
     }
 
     SUBCASE("table_p_string_and_table_p_not_number")
@@ -711,6 +729,12 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(ReductionFixture, "intersections_with_negations")
         CHECK("{| x: {| p: string |} |}" == toStringFull(ty));
     }
 
+    SUBCASE("table_or_nil_and_truthy")
+    {
+        TypeId ty = reductionof("({ x: number | string }?) & Not<false?>");
+        CHECK("{| x: number | string |}" == toString(ty));
+    }
+
     SUBCASE("not_top_table_and_table")
     {
         TypeId ty = reductionof("Not<tbl> & {}");
@@ -1251,6 +1275,12 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(ReductionFixture, "tables")
         TypeId ty = reductionof("{ x: { y: string & number } }");
         CHECK("never" == toStringFull(ty));
     }
+
+    SUBCASE("array_of_never")
+    {
+        TypeId ty = reductionof("{never}");
+        CHECK("{never}" == toStringFull(ty));
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(ReductionFixture, "metatables")
diff --git a/tools/faillist.txt b/tools/faillist.txt
index 19848387..37666878 100644
--- a/tools/faillist.txt
+++ b/tools/faillist.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 AnnotationTests.corecursive_types_error_on_tight_loop
 AnnotationTests.duplicate_type_param_name
-AnnotationTests.for_loop_counter_annotation_is_checked
 AnnotationTests.generic_aliases_are_cloned_properly
 AnnotationTests.occurs_check_on_cyclic_intersection_type
 AnnotationTests.occurs_check_on_cyclic_union_type
@@ -18,12 +17,8 @@ AutocompleteTest.keyword_methods
 AutocompleteTest.no_incompatible_self_calls
 AutocompleteTest.no_wrong_compatible_self_calls_with_generics
 AutocompleteTest.string_singleton_as_table_key
-AutocompleteTest.suggest_external_module_type
 AutocompleteTest.suggest_table_keys
-AutocompleteTest.type_correct_argument_type_suggestion
 AutocompleteTest.type_correct_expected_argument_type_pack_suggestion
-AutocompleteTest.type_correct_expected_argument_type_suggestion
-AutocompleteTest.type_correct_expected_argument_type_suggestion_optional
 AutocompleteTest.type_correct_expected_argument_type_suggestion_self
 AutocompleteTest.type_correct_expected_return_type_pack_suggestion
 AutocompleteTest.type_correct_expected_return_type_suggestion
@@ -118,37 +113,28 @@ ParserTests.parse_nesting_based_end_detection_failsafe_earlier
 ParserTests.parse_nesting_based_end_detection_local_function
 ProvisionalTests.assign_table_with_refined_property_with_a_similar_type_is_illegal
 ProvisionalTests.bail_early_if_unification_is_too_complicated
-ProvisionalTests.discriminate_from_x_not_equal_to_nil
 ProvisionalTests.do_not_ice_when_trying_to_pick_first_of_generic_type_pack
 ProvisionalTests.error_on_eq_metamethod_returning_a_type_other_than_boolean
 ProvisionalTests.free_options_cannot_be_unified_together
 ProvisionalTests.generic_type_leak_to_module_interface_variadic
 ProvisionalTests.greedy_inference_with_shared_self_triggers_function_with_no_returns
-ProvisionalTests.lvalue_equals_another_lvalue_with_no_overlap
 ProvisionalTests.pcall_returns_at_least_two_value_but_function_returns_nothing
+ProvisionalTests.refine_unknown_to_table_then_clone_it
 ProvisionalTests.setmetatable_constrains_free_type_into_free_table
 ProvisionalTests.specialization_binds_with_prototypes_too_early
 ProvisionalTests.table_insert_with_a_singleton_argument
 ProvisionalTests.typeguard_inference_incomplete
 ProvisionalTests.weirditer_should_not_loop_forever
 RefinementTest.apply_refinements_on_astexprindexexpr_whose_subscript_expr_is_constant_string
-RefinementTest.call_an_incompatible_function_after_using_typeguard
-RefinementTest.correctly_lookup_property_whose_base_was_previously_refined2
-RefinementTest.discriminate_on_properties_of_disjoint_tables_where_that_property_is_true_or_false
-RefinementTest.discriminate_tag
 RefinementTest.else_with_no_explicit_expression_should_also_refine_the_tagged_union
 RefinementTest.falsiness_of_TruthyPredicate_narrows_into_nil
 RefinementTest.narrow_property_of_a_bounded_variable
 RefinementTest.nonoptional_type_can_narrow_to_nil_if_sense_is_true
-RefinementTest.refine_a_property_not_to_be_nil_through_an_intersection_table
-RefinementTest.refine_unknowns
 RefinementTest.type_guard_can_filter_for_intersection_of_tables
-RefinementTest.type_guard_narrowed_into_nothingness
 RefinementTest.type_narrow_for_all_the_userdata
 RefinementTest.type_narrow_to_vector
 RefinementTest.typeguard_cast_free_table_to_vector
 RefinementTest.typeguard_in_assert_position
-RefinementTest.typeguard_narrows_for_table
 RefinementTest.x_as_any_if_x_is_instance_elseif_x_is_table
 RefinementTest.x_is_not_instance_or_else_not_part
 RuntimeLimits.typescript_port_of_Result_type
@@ -178,6 +164,8 @@ TableTests.found_like_key_in_table_function_call
 TableTests.found_like_key_in_table_property_access
 TableTests.found_multiple_like_keys
 TableTests.function_calls_produces_sealed_table_given_unsealed_table
+TableTests.fuzz_table_unify_instantiated_table
+TableTests.fuzz_table_unify_instantiated_table_with_prop_realloc
 TableTests.generic_table_instantiation_potential_regression
 TableTests.give_up_after_one_metatable_index_look_up
 TableTests.indexer_on_sealed_table_must_unify_with_free_table
@@ -220,9 +208,9 @@ TableTests.table_param_row_polymorphism_3
 TableTests.table_simple_call
 TableTests.table_subtyping_with_extra_props_dont_report_multiple_errors
 TableTests.table_subtyping_with_missing_props_dont_report_multiple_errors
+TableTests.table_unification_4
 TableTests.tc_member_function
 TableTests.tc_member_function_2
-TableTests.unification_of_unions_in_a_self_referential_type
 TableTests.unifying_tables_shouldnt_uaf1
 TableTests.unifying_tables_shouldnt_uaf2
 TableTests.used_colon_correctly
@@ -357,9 +345,7 @@ TypeInferOperators.disallow_string_and_types_without_metatables_from_arithmetic_
 TypeInferOperators.in_nonstrict_mode_strip_nil_from_intersections_when_considering_relational_operators
 TypeInferOperators.infer_any_in_all_modes_when_lhs_is_unknown
 TypeInferOperators.operator_eq_completely_incompatible
-TypeInferOperators.or_joins_types_with_no_superfluous_union
 TypeInferOperators.produce_the_correct_error_message_when_comparing_a_table_with_a_metatable_with_one_that_does_not
-TypeInferOperators.refine_and_or
 TypeInferOperators.typecheck_overloaded_multiply_that_is_an_intersection
 TypeInferOperators.typecheck_overloaded_multiply_that_is_an_intersection_on_rhs
 TypeInferOperators.UnknownGlobalCompoundAssign
@@ -368,16 +354,8 @@ TypeInferOperators.unrelated_primitives_cannot_be_compared
 TypeInferPrimitives.CheckMethodsOfNumber
 TypeInferPrimitives.string_index
 TypeInferUnknownNever.assign_to_global_which_is_never
-TypeInferUnknownNever.assign_to_local_which_is_never
-TypeInferUnknownNever.assign_to_prop_which_is_never
-TypeInferUnknownNever.assign_to_subscript_which_is_never
-TypeInferUnknownNever.call_never
 TypeInferUnknownNever.dont_unify_operands_if_one_of_the_operand_is_never_in_any_ordering_operators
-TypeInferUnknownNever.index_on_union_of_tables_for_properties_that_is_sorta_never
 TypeInferUnknownNever.math_operators_and_never
-TypeInferUnknownNever.type_packs_containing_never_is_itself_uninhabitable
-TypeInferUnknownNever.type_packs_containing_never_is_itself_uninhabitable2
-TypeInferUnknownNever.unary_minus_of_never
 TypePackTests.detect_cyclic_typepacks2
 TypePackTests.pack_tail_unification_check
 TypePackTests.self_and_varargs_should_work
@@ -401,24 +379,19 @@ TypePackTests.type_pack_type_parameters
 TypePackTests.unify_variadic_tails_in_arguments
 TypePackTests.unify_variadic_tails_in_arguments_free
 TypePackTests.variadic_packs
-TypeReductionTests.negations
 TypeSingletons.function_call_with_singletons
 TypeSingletons.function_call_with_singletons_mismatch
-TypeSingletons.indexing_on_string_singletons
 TypeSingletons.indexing_on_union_of_string_singletons
 TypeSingletons.overloaded_function_call_with_singletons
 TypeSingletons.overloaded_function_call_with_singletons_mismatch
 TypeSingletons.return_type_of_f_is_not_widened
 TypeSingletons.table_properties_singleton_strings_mismatch
 TypeSingletons.table_properties_type_error_escapes
-TypeSingletons.taking_the_length_of_string_singleton
 TypeSingletons.taking_the_length_of_union_of_string_singleton
 TypeSingletons.widen_the_supertype_if_it_is_free_and_subtype_has_singleton
 TypeSingletons.widening_happens_almost_everywhere
 TypeSingletons.widening_happens_almost_everywhere_except_for_tables
 UnionTypes.index_on_a_union_type_with_missing_property
-UnionTypes.index_on_a_union_type_with_one_optional_property
-UnionTypes.index_on_a_union_type_with_one_property_of_type_any
 UnionTypes.optional_assignment_errors
 UnionTypes.optional_call_error
 UnionTypes.optional_field_access_error