diff --git a/Analysis/include/Luau/ConstraintGraphBuilder.h b/Analysis/include/Luau/ConstraintGraphBuilder.h
index c484b686..526101a4 100644
--- a/Analysis/include/Luau/ConstraintGraphBuilder.h
+++ b/Analysis/include/Luau/ConstraintGraphBuilder.h
@@ -187,12 +187,12 @@ private:
      * @param generalize If true, generalize any lambdas that are encountered.
      * @return the type of the expression.
      */
-    Inference check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExpr* expr, ValueContext context = ValueContext::RValue, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType = {},
-        bool forceSingleton = false, bool generalize = true);
+    Inference check(
+        const ScopePtr& scope, AstExpr* expr, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType = {}, bool forceSingleton = false, bool generalize = true);
 
     Inference check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprConstantString* string, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType, bool forceSingleton);
     Inference check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprConstantBool* bool_, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType, bool forceSingleton);
-    Inference check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprLocal* local, ValueContext context);
+    Inference check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprLocal* local);
     Inference check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprGlobal* global);
     Inference check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprIndexName* indexName);
     Inference check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprIndexExpr* indexExpr);
@@ -208,6 +208,11 @@ private:
     std::vector<TypeId> checkLValues(const ScopePtr& scope, AstArray<AstExpr*> exprs);
 
     TypeId checkLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExpr* expr);
+    TypeId checkLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprLocal* local);
+    TypeId checkLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprGlobal* global);
+    TypeId checkLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprIndexName* indexName);
+    TypeId checkLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprIndexExpr* indexExpr);
+    TypeId updateProperty(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExpr* expr);
 
     struct FunctionSignature
     {
diff --git a/Analysis/include/Luau/Scope.h b/Analysis/include/Luau/Scope.h
index c3038fac..a0b115ad 100644
--- a/Analysis/include/Luau/Scope.h
+++ b/Analysis/include/Luau/Scope.h
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ struct Scope
     void addBuiltinTypeBinding(const Name& name, const TypeFun& tyFun);
 
     std::optional<TypeId> lookup(Symbol sym) const;
+    std::optional<TypeId> lookupLValue(DefId def) const;
     std::optional<TypeId> lookup(DefId def) const;
     std::optional<std::pair<Binding*, Scope*>> lookupEx(Symbol sym);
 
@@ -65,7 +66,15 @@ struct Scope
     std::optional<Binding> linearSearchForBinding(const std::string& name, bool traverseScopeChain = true) const;
 
     RefinementMap refinements;
-    DenseHashMap<const Def*, TypeId> dcrRefinements{nullptr};
+
+    // This can be viewed as the "unrefined" type of each binding.
+    DenseHashMap<const Def*, TypeId> lvalueTypes{nullptr};
+
+    // Luau values are routinely refined more narrowly than their actual
+    // inferred type through control flow statements.  We retain those refined
+    // types here.
+    DenseHashMap<const Def*, TypeId> rvalueRefinements{nullptr};
+
     void inheritRefinements(const ScopePtr& childScope);
 
     // For mutually recursive type aliases, it's important that
diff --git a/Analysis/include/Luau/Type.h b/Analysis/include/Luau/Type.h
index ee0b96aa..2eb7d749 100644
--- a/Analysis/include/Luau/Type.h
+++ b/Analysis/include/Luau/Type.h
@@ -355,6 +355,7 @@ struct FunctionType
     // `hasNoFreeOrGenericTypes` should be true if and only if the type does not have any free or generic types present inside it.
     // this flag is used as an optimization to exit early from procedures that manipulate free or generic types.
     bool hasNoFreeOrGenericTypes = false;
+    bool isCheckedFunction = false;
 };
 
 enum class TableState
diff --git a/Analysis/include/Luau/TypeFamily.h b/Analysis/include/Luau/TypeFamily.h
index 4ffb6d1a..ad8fdbef 100644
--- a/Analysis/include/Luau/TypeFamily.h
+++ b/Analysis/include/Luau/TypeFamily.h
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 // This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
 #pragma once
 
+#include "ConstraintSolver.h"
+#include "Error.h"
 #include "Luau/Error.h"
 #include "Luau/NotNull.h"
 #include "Luau/Variant.h"
+#include "NotNull.h"
+#include "TypeCheckLimits.h"
 
 #include <functional>
 #include <string>
@@ -23,6 +27,42 @@ struct BuiltinTypes;
 struct TxnLog;
 class Normalizer;
 
+struct TypeFamilyContext
+{
+    NotNull<TypeArena> arena;
+    NotNull<BuiltinTypes> builtins;
+    NotNull<Scope> scope;
+    NotNull<Normalizer> normalizer;
+    NotNull<InternalErrorReporter> ice;
+    NotNull<TypeCheckLimits> limits;
+
+    // nullptr if the type family is being reduced outside of the constraint solver.
+    ConstraintSolver* solver;
+
+    TypeFamilyContext(NotNull<ConstraintSolver> cs, NotNull<Scope> scope)
+        : arena(cs->arena)
+        , builtins(cs->builtinTypes)
+        , scope(scope)
+        , normalizer(cs->normalizer)
+        , ice(NotNull{&cs->iceReporter})
+        , limits(NotNull{&cs->limits})
+        , solver(cs.get())
+    {
+    }
+
+    TypeFamilyContext(NotNull<TypeArena> arena, NotNull<BuiltinTypes> builtins, NotNull<Scope> scope, NotNull<Normalizer> normalizer,
+        NotNull<InternalErrorReporter> ice, NotNull<TypeCheckLimits> limits)
+        : arena(arena)
+        , builtins(builtins)
+        , scope(scope)
+        , normalizer(normalizer)
+        , ice(ice)
+        , limits(limits)
+        , solver(nullptr)
+    {
+    }
+};
+
 /// Represents a reduction result, which may have successfully reduced the type,
 /// may have concretely failed to reduce the type, or may simply be stuck
 /// without more information.
@@ -53,9 +93,7 @@ struct TypeFamily
     std::string name;
 
     /// The reducer function for the type family.
-    std::function<TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId>(std::vector<TypeId>, std::vector<TypePackId>, NotNull<TypeArena>, NotNull<BuiltinTypes>,
-        NotNull<TxnLog>, NotNull<Scope>, NotNull<Normalizer>, ConstraintSolver*)>
-        reducer;
+    std::function<TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId>(std::vector<TypeId>, std::vector<TypePackId>, NotNull<TypeFamilyContext>)> reducer;
 };
 
 /// Represents a type function that may be applied to map a series of types and
@@ -67,9 +105,7 @@ struct TypePackFamily
     std::string name;
 
     /// The reducer function for the type pack family.
-    std::function<TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypePackId>(std::vector<TypeId>, std::vector<TypePackId>, NotNull<TypeArena>, NotNull<BuiltinTypes>,
-        NotNull<TxnLog>, NotNull<Scope>, NotNull<Normalizer>, ConstraintSolver*)>
-        reducer;
+    std::function<TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypePackId>(std::vector<TypeId>, std::vector<TypePackId>, NotNull<TypeFamilyContext>)> reducer;
 };
 
 struct FamilyGraphReductionResult
@@ -82,76 +118,53 @@ struct FamilyGraphReductionResult
 };
 
 /**
-  * Attempt to reduce all instances of any type or type pack family in the type
-  * graph provided.
-  *
-  * @param entrypoint the entry point to the type graph.
-  * @param location the location the reduction is occurring at; used to populate
-  * type errors.
-  * @param arena an arena to allocate types into.
-  * @param builtins the built-in types.
-  * @param normalizer the normalizer to use when normalizing types
-  * @param log a TxnLog to use. If one is provided, substitution will take place
-  * against the TxnLog, otherwise substitutions will directly mutate the type
-  * graph. Do not provide the empty TxnLog, as a result.
-  */
-FamilyGraphReductionResult reduceFamilies(TypeId entrypoint, Location location, NotNull<TypeArena> arena, NotNull<BuiltinTypes> builtins,
-    NotNull<Scope> scope, NotNull<Normalizer> normalizer, TxnLog* log = nullptr, bool force = false);
-
- /**
-  * Attempt to reduce all instances of any type or type pack family in the type
-  * graph provided.
-  *
-  * @param entrypoint the entry point to the type graph.
-  * @param location the location the reduction is occurring at; used to populate
-  * type errors.
-  * @param arena an arena to allocate types into.
-  * @param builtins the built-in types.
-  * @param normalizer the normalizer to use when normalizing types
-  * @param log a TxnLog to use. If one is provided, substitution will take place
-  * against the TxnLog, otherwise substitutions will directly mutate the type
-  * graph. Do not provide the empty TxnLog, as a result.
-  */
-FamilyGraphReductionResult reduceFamilies(TypePackId entrypoint, Location location, NotNull<TypeArena> arena, NotNull<BuiltinTypes> builtins,
-    NotNull<Scope> scope, NotNull<Normalizer> normalizer, TxnLog* log = nullptr, bool force = false);
+ * Attempt to reduce all instances of any type or type pack family in the type
+ * graph provided.
+ *
+ * @param entrypoint the entry point to the type graph.
+ * @param location the location the reduction is occurring at; used to populate
+ * type errors.
+ * @param arena an arena to allocate types into.
+ * @param builtins the built-in types.
+ * @param normalizer the normalizer to use when normalizing types
+ * @param ice the internal error reporter to use for ICEs
+ */
+FamilyGraphReductionResult reduceFamilies(TypeId entrypoint, Location location, TypeFamilyContext, bool force = false);
 
 /**
  * Attempt to reduce all instances of any type or type pack family in the type
  * graph provided.
  *
- * @param solver the constraint solver this reduction is being performed in.
  * @param entrypoint the entry point to the type graph.
  * @param location the location the reduction is occurring at; used to populate
  * type errors.
- * @param log a TxnLog to use. If one is provided, substitution will take place
- * against the TxnLog, otherwise substitutions will directly mutate the type
- * graph. Do not provide the empty TxnLog, as a result.
+ * @param arena an arena to allocate types into.
+ * @param builtins the built-in types.
+ * @param normalizer the normalizer to use when normalizing types
+ * @param ice the internal error reporter to use for ICEs
  */
-FamilyGraphReductionResult reduceFamilies(
-    NotNull<ConstraintSolver> solver, TypeId entrypoint, Location location, NotNull<Scope> scope, TxnLog* log = nullptr, bool force = false);
-
-/**
- * Attempt to reduce all instances of any type or type pack family in the type
- * graph provided.
- *
- * @param solver the constraint solver this reduction is being performed in.
- * @param entrypoint the entry point to the type graph.
- * @param location the location the reduction is occurring at; used to populate
- * type errors.
- * @param log a TxnLog to use. If one is provided, substitution will take place
- * against the TxnLog, otherwise substitutions will directly mutate the type
- * graph. Do not provide the empty TxnLog, as a result.
- */
-FamilyGraphReductionResult reduceFamilies(
-    NotNull<ConstraintSolver> solver, TypePackId entrypoint, Location location, NotNull<Scope> scope, TxnLog* log = nullptr, bool force = false);
+FamilyGraphReductionResult reduceFamilies(TypePackId entrypoint, Location location, TypeFamilyContext, bool force = false);
 
 struct BuiltinTypeFamilies
 {
     BuiltinTypeFamilies();
 
     TypeFamily addFamily;
+    TypeFamily subFamily;
+    TypeFamily mulFamily;
+    TypeFamily divFamily;
+    TypeFamily idivFamily;
+    TypeFamily powFamily;
+    TypeFamily modFamily;
+
+    TypeFamily andFamily;
+    TypeFamily orFamily;
+
+    void addToScope(NotNull<TypeArena> arena, NotNull<Scope> scope) const;
 };
 
+
+
 const BuiltinTypeFamilies kBuiltinTypeFamilies{};
 
 } // namespace Luau
diff --git a/Analysis/src/BuiltinDefinitions.cpp b/Analysis/src/BuiltinDefinitions.cpp
index 0200ee3e..b7631460 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/BuiltinDefinitions.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/BuiltinDefinitions.cpp
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@
 #include "Luau/ToString.h"
 #include "Luau/ConstraintSolver.h"
 #include "Luau/ConstraintGraphBuilder.h"
+#include "Luau/NotNull.h"
 #include "Luau/TypeInfer.h"
+#include "Luau/TypeFamily.h"
 #include "Luau/TypePack.h"
 #include "Luau/Type.h"
 #include "Luau/TypeUtils.h"
@@ -21,6 +23,8 @@
  * about a function that takes any number of values, but where each value must have some specific type.
  */
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+
 namespace Luau
 {
 
@@ -209,6 +213,9 @@ void registerBuiltinGlobals(Frontend& frontend, GlobalTypes& globals, bool typeC
     TypeArena& arena = globals.globalTypes;
     NotNull<BuiltinTypes> builtinTypes = globals.builtinTypes;
 
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+        kBuiltinTypeFamilies.addToScope(NotNull{&arena}, NotNull{globals.globalScope.get()});
+
     LoadDefinitionFileResult loadResult = frontend.loadDefinitionFile(
         globals, globals.globalScope, getBuiltinDefinitionSource(), "@luau", /* captureComments */ false, typeCheckForAutocomplete);
     LUAU_ASSERT(loadResult.success);
diff --git a/Analysis/src/ConstraintGraphBuilder.cpp b/Analysis/src/ConstraintGraphBuilder.cpp
index c0022246..5c96abb7 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/ConstraintGraphBuilder.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/ConstraintGraphBuilder.cpp
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ void ConstraintGraphBuilder::applyRefinements(const ScopePtr& scope, Location lo
                 }
             }
 
-            scope->dcrRefinements[def] = ty;
+            scope->rvalueRefinements[def] = ty;
         }
     }
 
@@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ ControlFlow ConstraintGraphBuilder::visit(const ScopePtr& scope, AstStatLocal* l
             if (hasAnnotation)
                 expectedType = varTypes.at(i);
 
-            TypeId exprType = check(scope, value, ValueContext::RValue, expectedType, /*forceSingleton*/ false, /*generalize*/ true).ty;
+            TypeId exprType = check(scope, value, expectedType, /*forceSingleton*/ false, /*generalize*/ true).ty;
             if (i < varTypes.size())
             {
                 if (varTypes[i])
@@ -699,7 +699,8 @@ ControlFlow ConstraintGraphBuilder::visit(const ScopePtr& scope, AstStatLocal* l
         // HACK: In the greedy solver, we say the type state of a variable is the type annotation itself, but
         // the actual type state is the corresponding initializer expression (if it exists) or nil otherwise.
         BreadcrumbId bc = dfg->getBreadcrumb(l);
-        scope->dcrRefinements[bc->def] = varTypes[i];
+        scope->lvalueTypes[bc->def] = varTypes[i];
+        scope->rvalueRefinements[bc->def] = varTypes[i];
     }
 
     if (local->values.size > 0)
@@ -764,7 +765,8 @@ ControlFlow ConstraintGraphBuilder::visit(const ScopePtr& scope, AstStatFor* for
     forScope->bindings[for_->var] = Binding{annotationTy, for_->var->location};
 
     BreadcrumbId bc = dfg->getBreadcrumb(for_->var);
-    forScope->dcrRefinements[bc->def] = annotationTy;
+    forScope->lvalueTypes[bc->def] = annotationTy;
+    forScope->rvalueRefinements[bc->def] = annotationTy;
 
     visit(forScope, for_->body);
 
@@ -791,7 +793,8 @@ ControlFlow ConstraintGraphBuilder::visit(const ScopePtr& scope, AstStatForIn* f
         variableTypes.push_back(ty);
 
         BreadcrumbId bc = dfg->getBreadcrumb(var);
-        loopScope->dcrRefinements[bc->def] = ty;
+        loopScope->lvalueTypes[bc->def] = ty;
+        loopScope->rvalueRefinements[bc->def] = ty;
     }
 
     // It is always ok to provide too few variables, so we give this pack a free tail.
@@ -845,8 +848,10 @@ ControlFlow ConstraintGraphBuilder::visit(const ScopePtr& scope, AstStatLocalFun
     sig.bodyScope->bindings[function->name] = Binding{sig.signature, function->func->location};
 
     BreadcrumbId bc = dfg->getBreadcrumb(function->name);
-    scope->dcrRefinements[bc->def] = functionType;
-    sig.bodyScope->dcrRefinements[bc->def] = sig.signature;
+    scope->lvalueTypes[bc->def] = functionType;
+    scope->rvalueRefinements[bc->def] = functionType;
+    sig.bodyScope->lvalueTypes[bc->def] = sig.signature;
+    sig.bodyScope->rvalueRefinements[bc->def] = sig.signature;
 
     Checkpoint start = checkpoint(this);
     checkFunctionBody(sig.bodyScope, function->func);
@@ -889,9 +894,12 @@ ControlFlow ConstraintGraphBuilder::visit(const ScopePtr& scope, AstStatFunction
 
     const NullableBreadcrumbId functionBreadcrumb = dfg->getBreadcrumb(function->name);
 
+    std::optional<TypeId> existingFunctionTy;
+    if (functionBreadcrumb)
+        existingFunctionTy = scope->lookupLValue(functionBreadcrumb->def);
+
     if (AstExprLocal* localName = function->name->as<AstExprLocal>())
     {
-        std::optional<TypeId> existingFunctionTy = scope->lookup(localName->local);
         if (existingFunctionTy)
         {
             addConstraint(scope, function->name->location, SubtypeConstraint{generalizedType, *existingFunctionTy});
@@ -905,11 +913,13 @@ ControlFlow ConstraintGraphBuilder::visit(const ScopePtr& scope, AstStatFunction
         sig.bodyScope->bindings[localName->local] = Binding{sig.signature, localName->location};
 
         if (functionBreadcrumb)
-            sig.bodyScope->dcrRefinements[functionBreadcrumb->def] = sig.signature;
+        {
+            sig.bodyScope->lvalueTypes[functionBreadcrumb->def] = sig.signature;
+            sig.bodyScope->rvalueRefinements[functionBreadcrumb->def] = sig.signature;
+        }
     }
     else if (AstExprGlobal* globalName = function->name->as<AstExprGlobal>())
     {
-        std::optional<TypeId> existingFunctionTy = scope->lookup(globalName->name);
         if (!existingFunctionTy)
             ice->ice("prepopulateGlobalScope did not populate a global name", globalName->location);
 
@@ -918,7 +928,10 @@ ControlFlow ConstraintGraphBuilder::visit(const ScopePtr& scope, AstStatFunction
         sig.bodyScope->bindings[globalName->name] = Binding{sig.signature, globalName->location};
 
         if (functionBreadcrumb)
-            sig.bodyScope->dcrRefinements[functionBreadcrumb->def] = sig.signature;
+        {
+            sig.bodyScope->lvalueTypes[functionBreadcrumb->def] = sig.signature;
+            sig.bodyScope->rvalueRefinements[functionBreadcrumb->def] = sig.signature;
+        }
     }
     else if (AstExprIndexName* indexName = function->name->as<AstExprIndexName>())
     {
@@ -946,7 +959,7 @@ ControlFlow ConstraintGraphBuilder::visit(const ScopePtr& scope, AstStatFunction
         ice->ice("generalizedType == nullptr", function->location);
 
     if (functionBreadcrumb)
-        scope->dcrRefinements[functionBreadcrumb->def] = generalizedType;
+        scope->rvalueRefinements[functionBreadcrumb->def] = generalizedType;
 
     checkFunctionBody(sig.bodyScope, function->func);
     Checkpoint end = checkpoint(this);
@@ -1059,7 +1072,7 @@ ControlFlow ConstraintGraphBuilder::visit(const ScopePtr& scope, AstStatCompound
 
 ControlFlow ConstraintGraphBuilder::visit(const ScopePtr& scope, AstStatIf* ifStatement)
 {
-    RefinementId refinement = check(scope, ifStatement->condition, ValueContext::RValue, std::nullopt).refinement;
+    RefinementId refinement = check(scope, ifStatement->condition, std::nullopt).refinement;
 
     ScopePtr thenScope = childScope(ifStatement->thenbody, scope);
     applyRefinements(thenScope, ifStatement->condition->location, refinement);
@@ -1164,7 +1177,8 @@ ControlFlow ConstraintGraphBuilder::visit(const ScopePtr& scope, AstStatDeclareG
     rootScope->bindings[global->name] = Binding{globalTy, global->location};
 
     BreadcrumbId bc = dfg->getBreadcrumb(global);
-    rootScope->dcrRefinements[bc->def] = globalTy;
+    rootScope->lvalueTypes[bc->def] = globalTy;
+    rootScope->rvalueRefinements[bc->def] = globalTy;
 
     return ControlFlow::None;
 }
@@ -1323,6 +1337,7 @@ ControlFlow ConstraintGraphBuilder::visit(const ScopePtr& scope, AstStatDeclareF
     TypePackId retPack = resolveTypePack(funScope, global->retTypes, /* inTypeArguments */ false);
     TypeId fnType = arena->addType(FunctionType{TypeLevel{}, funScope.get(), std::move(genericTys), std::move(genericTps), paramPack, retPack});
     FunctionType* ftv = getMutable<FunctionType>(fnType);
+    ftv->isCheckedFunction = global->checkedFunction;
 
     ftv->argNames.reserve(global->paramNames.size);
     for (const auto& el : global->paramNames)
@@ -1334,7 +1349,8 @@ ControlFlow ConstraintGraphBuilder::visit(const ScopePtr& scope, AstStatDeclareF
     scope->bindings[global->name] = Binding{fnType, global->location};
 
     BreadcrumbId bc = dfg->getBreadcrumb(global);
-    rootScope->dcrRefinements[bc->def] = fnType;
+    rootScope->lvalueTypes[bc->def] = fnType;
+    rootScope->rvalueRefinements[bc->def] = fnType;
 
     return ControlFlow::None;
 }
@@ -1363,7 +1379,7 @@ InferencePack ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkPack(
             std::optional<TypeId> expectedType;
             if (i < expectedTypes.size())
                 expectedType = expectedTypes[i];
-            head.push_back(check(scope, expr, ValueContext::RValue, expectedType).ty);
+            head.push_back(check(scope, expr, expectedType).ty);
         }
         else
         {
@@ -1407,7 +1423,7 @@ InferencePack ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkPack(
         std::optional<TypeId> expectedType;
         if (!expectedTypes.empty())
             expectedType = expectedTypes[0];
-        TypeId t = check(scope, expr, ValueContext::RValue, expectedType, /*forceSingletons*/ false, generalize).ty;
+        TypeId t = check(scope, expr, expectedType, /*forceSingletons*/ false, generalize).ty;
         result = InferencePack{arena->addTypePack({t})};
     }
 
@@ -1489,8 +1505,7 @@ InferencePack ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkPack(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprCa
         }
         else if (i < exprArgs.size() - 1 || !(arg->is<AstExprCall>() || arg->is<AstExprVarargs>()))
         {
-            auto [ty, refinement] =
-                check(scope, arg, ValueContext::RValue, /*expectedType*/ std::nullopt, /*forceSingleton*/ false, /*generalize*/ false);
+            auto [ty, refinement] = check(scope, arg, /*expectedType*/ std::nullopt, /*forceSingleton*/ false, /*generalize*/ false);
             args.push_back(ty);
             argumentRefinements.push_back(refinement);
         }
@@ -1549,7 +1564,8 @@ InferencePack ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkPack(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprCa
             scope->bindings[targetLocal->local].typeId = resultTy;
 
             BreadcrumbId bc = dfg->getBreadcrumb(targetLocal);
-            scope->dcrRefinements[bc->def] = resultTy; // TODO: typestates: track this as an assignment
+            scope->lvalueTypes[bc->def] = resultTy; // TODO: typestates: track this as an assignment
+            scope->rvalueRefinements[bc->def] = resultTy; // TODO: typestates: track this as an assignment
         }
 
         return InferencePack{arena->addTypePack({resultTy}), {refinementArena.variadic(returnRefinements)}};
@@ -1588,7 +1604,7 @@ InferencePack ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkPack(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprCa
 }
 
 Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(
-    const ScopePtr& scope, AstExpr* expr, ValueContext context, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType, bool forceSingleton, bool generalize)
+    const ScopePtr& scope, AstExpr* expr, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType, bool forceSingleton, bool generalize)
 {
     RecursionCounter counter{&recursionCount};
 
@@ -1601,7 +1617,7 @@ Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(
     Inference result;
 
     if (auto group = expr->as<AstExprGroup>())
-        result = check(scope, group->expr, ValueContext::RValue, expectedType, forceSingleton);
+        result = check(scope, group->expr, expectedType, forceSingleton);
     else if (auto stringExpr = expr->as<AstExprConstantString>())
         result = check(scope, stringExpr, expectedType, forceSingleton);
     else if (expr->is<AstExprConstantNumber>())
@@ -1611,7 +1627,7 @@ Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(
     else if (expr->is<AstExprConstantNil>())
         result = Inference{builtinTypes->nilType};
     else if (auto local = expr->as<AstExprLocal>())
-        result = check(scope, local, context);
+        result = check(scope, local);
     else if (auto global = expr->as<AstExprGlobal>())
         result = check(scope, global);
     else if (expr->is<AstExprVarargs>())
@@ -1706,13 +1722,11 @@ Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprConstantBo
     return Inference{builtinTypes->booleanType};
 }
 
-Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprLocal* local, ValueContext context)
+Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprLocal* local)
 {
     BreadcrumbId bc = dfg->getBreadcrumb(local);
 
-    if (auto ty = scope->lookup(bc->def); ty && context == ValueContext::RValue)
-        return Inference{*ty, refinementArena.proposition(bc, builtinTypes->truthyType)};
-    else if (auto ty = scope->lookup(local->local))
+    if (auto ty = scope->lookup(bc->def))
         return Inference{*ty, refinementArena.proposition(bc, builtinTypes->truthyType)};
     else
         ice->ice("AstExprLocal came before its declaration?");
@@ -1729,7 +1743,7 @@ Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprGlobal* gl
         return Inference{*ty, refinementArena.proposition(bc, builtinTypes->truthyType)};
     else if (auto ty = scope->lookup(global->name))
     {
-        rootScope->dcrRefinements[bc->def] = *ty;
+        rootScope->rvalueRefinements[bc->def] = *ty;
         return Inference{*ty, refinementArena.proposition(bc, builtinTypes->truthyType)};
     }
     else
@@ -1750,7 +1764,7 @@ Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprIndexName*
         if (auto ty = scope->lookup(bc->def))
             return Inference{*ty, refinementArena.proposition(NotNull{bc}, builtinTypes->truthyType)};
 
-        scope->dcrRefinements[bc->def] = result;
+        scope->rvalueRefinements[bc->def] = result;
     }
 
     addConstraint(scope, indexName->expr->location, HasPropConstraint{result, obj, indexName->index.value});
@@ -1773,7 +1787,7 @@ Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprIndexExpr*
         if (auto ty = scope->lookup(bc->def))
             return Inference{*ty, refinementArena.proposition(NotNull{bc}, builtinTypes->truthyType)};
 
-        scope->dcrRefinements[bc->def] = result;
+        scope->rvalueRefinements[bc->def] = result;
     }
 
     TableIndexer indexer{indexType, result};
@@ -1836,7 +1850,9 @@ Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprBinary* bi
 {
     auto [leftType, rightType, refinement] = checkBinary(scope, binary, expectedType);
 
-    if (binary->op == AstExprBinary::Op::Add)
+    switch (binary->op)
+    {
+    case AstExprBinary::Op::Add:
     {
         TypeId resultType = arena->addType(TypeFamilyInstanceType{
             NotNull{&kBuiltinTypeFamilies.addFamily},
@@ -1846,11 +1862,94 @@ Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprBinary* bi
         addConstraint(scope, binary->location, ReduceConstraint{resultType});
         return Inference{resultType, std::move(refinement)};
     }
-
-    TypeId resultType = arena->addType(BlockedType{});
-    addConstraint(scope, binary->location,
-        BinaryConstraint{binary->op, leftType, rightType, resultType, binary, &module->astOriginalCallTypes, &module->astOverloadResolvedTypes});
-    return Inference{resultType, std::move(refinement)};
+    case AstExprBinary::Op::Sub:
+    {
+        TypeId resultType = arena->addType(TypeFamilyInstanceType{
+            NotNull{&kBuiltinTypeFamilies.subFamily},
+            {leftType, rightType},
+            {},
+        });
+        addConstraint(scope, binary->location, ReduceConstraint{resultType});
+        return Inference{resultType, std::move(refinement)};
+    }
+    case AstExprBinary::Op::Mul:
+    {
+        TypeId resultType = arena->addType(TypeFamilyInstanceType{
+            NotNull{&kBuiltinTypeFamilies.mulFamily},
+            {leftType, rightType},
+            {},
+        });
+        addConstraint(scope, binary->location, ReduceConstraint{resultType});
+        return Inference{resultType, std::move(refinement)};
+    }
+    case AstExprBinary::Op::Div:
+    {
+        TypeId resultType = arena->addType(TypeFamilyInstanceType{
+            NotNull{&kBuiltinTypeFamilies.divFamily},
+            {leftType, rightType},
+            {},
+        });
+        addConstraint(scope, binary->location, ReduceConstraint{resultType});
+        return Inference{resultType, std::move(refinement)};
+    }
+    case AstExprBinary::Op::FloorDiv:
+    {
+        TypeId resultType = arena->addType(TypeFamilyInstanceType{
+            NotNull{&kBuiltinTypeFamilies.idivFamily},
+            {leftType, rightType},
+            {},
+        });
+        addConstraint(scope, binary->location, ReduceConstraint{resultType});
+        return Inference{resultType, std::move(refinement)};
+    }
+    case AstExprBinary::Op::Pow:
+    {
+        TypeId resultType = arena->addType(TypeFamilyInstanceType{
+            NotNull{&kBuiltinTypeFamilies.powFamily},
+            {leftType, rightType},
+            {},
+        });
+        addConstraint(scope, binary->location, ReduceConstraint{resultType});
+        return Inference{resultType, std::move(refinement)};
+    }
+    case AstExprBinary::Op::Mod:
+    {
+        TypeId resultType = arena->addType(TypeFamilyInstanceType{
+            NotNull{&kBuiltinTypeFamilies.modFamily},
+            {leftType, rightType},
+            {},
+        });
+        addConstraint(scope, binary->location, ReduceConstraint{resultType});
+        return Inference{resultType, std::move(refinement)};
+    }
+    case AstExprBinary::Op::And:
+    {
+        TypeId resultType = arena->addType(TypeFamilyInstanceType{
+            NotNull{&kBuiltinTypeFamilies.andFamily},
+            {leftType, rightType},
+            {},
+        });
+        addConstraint(scope, binary->location, ReduceConstraint{resultType});
+        return Inference{resultType, std::move(refinement)};
+    }
+    case AstExprBinary::Op::Or:
+    {
+        TypeId resultType = arena->addType(TypeFamilyInstanceType{
+            NotNull{&kBuiltinTypeFamilies.orFamily},
+            {leftType, rightType},
+            {},
+        });
+        addConstraint(scope, binary->location, ReduceConstraint{resultType});
+        return Inference{resultType, std::move(refinement)};
+    }
+    default:
+    {
+        TypeId resultType = arena->addType(BlockedType{});
+        addConstraint(scope, binary->location,
+            BinaryConstraint{binary->op, leftType, rightType, resultType, binary, &module->astOriginalCallTypes, &module->astOverloadResolvedTypes});
+        return Inference{resultType, std::move(refinement)};
+    }
+    }
 }
 
 Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprIfElse* ifElse, std::optional<TypeId> expectedType)
@@ -1860,18 +1959,18 @@ Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprIfElse* if
 
     ScopePtr thenScope = childScope(ifElse->trueExpr, scope);
     applyRefinements(thenScope, ifElse->trueExpr->location, refinement);
-    TypeId thenType = check(thenScope, ifElse->trueExpr, ValueContext::RValue, expectedType).ty;
+    TypeId thenType = check(thenScope, ifElse->trueExpr, expectedType).ty;
 
     ScopePtr elseScope = childScope(ifElse->falseExpr, scope);
     applyRefinements(elseScope, ifElse->falseExpr->location, refinementArena.negation(refinement));
-    TypeId elseType = check(elseScope, ifElse->falseExpr, ValueContext::RValue, expectedType).ty;
+    TypeId elseType = check(elseScope, ifElse->falseExpr, expectedType).ty;
 
     return Inference{expectedType ? *expectedType : simplifyUnion(builtinTypes, arena, thenType, elseType).result};
 }
 
 Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprTypeAssertion* typeAssert)
 {
-    check(scope, typeAssert->expr, ValueContext::RValue, std::nullopt);
+    check(scope, typeAssert->expr, std::nullopt);
     return Inference{resolveType(scope, typeAssert->annotation, /* inTypeArguments */ false)};
 }
 
@@ -1893,11 +1992,11 @@ std::tuple<TypeId, TypeId, RefinementId> ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkBinary(
         if (expectedType)
             relaxedExpectedLhs = arena->addType(UnionType{{builtinTypes->falsyType, *expectedType}});
 
-        auto [leftType, leftRefinement] = check(scope, binary->left, ValueContext::RValue, relaxedExpectedLhs);
+        auto [leftType, leftRefinement] = check(scope, binary->left, relaxedExpectedLhs);
 
         ScopePtr rightScope = childScope(binary->right, scope);
         applyRefinements(rightScope, binary->right->location, leftRefinement);
-        auto [rightType, rightRefinement] = check(rightScope, binary->right, ValueContext::RValue, expectedType);
+        auto [rightType, rightRefinement] = check(rightScope, binary->right, expectedType);
 
         return {leftType, rightType, refinementArena.conjunction(leftRefinement, rightRefinement)};
     }
@@ -1908,11 +2007,11 @@ std::tuple<TypeId, TypeId, RefinementId> ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkBinary(
         if (expectedType)
             relaxedExpectedLhs = arena->addType(UnionType{{builtinTypes->falsyType, *expectedType}});
 
-        auto [leftType, leftRefinement] = check(scope, binary->left, ValueContext::RValue, relaxedExpectedLhs);
+        auto [leftType, leftRefinement] = check(scope, binary->left, relaxedExpectedLhs);
 
         ScopePtr rightScope = childScope(binary->right, scope);
         applyRefinements(rightScope, binary->right->location, refinementArena.negation(leftRefinement));
-        auto [rightType, rightRefinement] = check(rightScope, binary->right, ValueContext::RValue, expectedType);
+        auto [rightType, rightRefinement] = check(rightScope, binary->right, expectedType);
 
         return {leftType, rightType, refinementArena.disjunction(leftRefinement, rightRefinement)};
     }
@@ -1973,8 +2072,8 @@ std::tuple<TypeId, TypeId, RefinementId> ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkBinary(
     {
         // We are checking a binary expression of the form a op b
         // Just because a op b is epxected to return a bool, doesn't mean a, b are expected to be bools too
-        TypeId leftType = check(scope, binary->left, ValueContext::RValue, {}, true).ty;
-        TypeId rightType = check(scope, binary->right, ValueContext::RValue, {}, true).ty;
+        TypeId leftType = check(scope, binary->left, {}, true).ty;
+        TypeId rightType = check(scope, binary->right, {}, true).ty;
 
         RefinementId leftRefinement = nullptr;
         if (auto bc = dfg->getBreadcrumb(binary->left))
@@ -1994,8 +2093,8 @@ std::tuple<TypeId, TypeId, RefinementId> ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkBinary(
     }
     else
     {
-        TypeId leftType = check(scope, binary->left, ValueContext::RValue).ty;
-        TypeId rightType = check(scope, binary->right, ValueContext::RValue).ty;
+        TypeId leftType = check(scope, binary->left).ty;
+        TypeId rightType = check(scope, binary->right).ty;
         return {leftType, rightType, nullptr};
     }
 }
@@ -2011,6 +2110,47 @@ std::vector<TypeId> ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkLValues(const ScopePtr& scope,
     return types;
 }
 
+TypeId ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExpr* expr)
+{
+    if (auto local = expr->as<AstExprLocal>())
+        return checkLValue(scope, local);
+    else if (auto global = expr->as<AstExprGlobal>())
+        return checkLValue(scope, global);
+    else if (auto indexName = expr->as<AstExprIndexName>())
+        return checkLValue(scope, indexName);
+    else if (auto indexExpr = expr->as<AstExprIndexExpr>())
+        return checkLValue(scope, indexExpr);
+    else if (auto error = expr->as<AstExprError>())
+    {
+        check(scope, error);
+        return builtinTypes->errorRecoveryType();
+    }
+    else
+        ice->ice("checkLValue is inexhaustive");
+}
+
+TypeId ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprLocal* local)
+{
+    std::optional<TypeId> upperBound = scope->lookup(Symbol{local->local});
+    LUAU_ASSERT(upperBound);
+    return *upperBound;
+}
+
+TypeId ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprGlobal* global)
+{
+    return scope->lookup(Symbol{global->name}).value_or(builtinTypes->errorRecoveryType());
+}
+
+TypeId ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprIndexName* indexName)
+{
+    return updateProperty(scope, indexName);
+}
+
+TypeId ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprIndexExpr* indexExpr)
+{
+    return updateProperty(scope, indexExpr);
+}
+
 static bool isIndexNameEquivalent(AstExpr* expr)
 {
     if (expr->is<AstExprIndexName>())
@@ -2031,7 +2171,7 @@ static bool isIndexNameEquivalent(AstExpr* expr)
  *
  * If expr has the form name.a.b.c
  */
-TypeId ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExpr* expr)
+TypeId ConstraintGraphBuilder::updateProperty(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExpr* expr)
 {
     if (auto indexExpr = expr->as<AstExprIndexExpr>(); indexExpr && !indexExpr->index->is<AstExprConstantString>())
     {
@@ -2058,7 +2198,7 @@ TypeId ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExpr* expr)
         return propType;
     }
     else if (!isIndexNameEquivalent(expr))
-        return check(scope, expr, ValueContext::LValue).ty;
+        return check(scope, expr).ty;
 
     Symbol sym;
     std::vector<std::string> segments;
@@ -2086,7 +2226,7 @@ TypeId ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExpr* expr)
         else if (auto indexExpr = e->as<AstExprIndexExpr>())
         {
             // We need to populate the type for the index value
-            check(scope, indexExpr->index, ValueContext::RValue);
+            check(scope, indexExpr->index);
             if (auto strIndex = indexExpr->index->as<AstExprConstantString>())
             {
                 segments.push_back(std::string(strIndex->value.data, strIndex->value.size));
@@ -2095,11 +2235,11 @@ TypeId ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExpr* expr)
             }
             else
             {
-                return check(scope, expr, ValueContext::LValue).ty;
+                return check(scope, expr).ty;
             }
         }
         else
-            return check(scope, expr, ValueContext::LValue).ty;
+            return check(scope, expr).ty;
     }
 
     LUAU_ASSERT(!segments.empty());
@@ -2109,7 +2249,7 @@ TypeId ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExpr* expr)
 
     auto lookupResult = scope->lookupEx(sym);
     if (!lookupResult)
-        return check(scope, expr, ValueContext::LValue).ty;
+        return check(scope, expr).ty;
     const auto [subjectBinding, symbolScope] = std::move(*lookupResult);
     TypeId subjectType = subjectBinding->typeId;
 
@@ -2139,7 +2279,10 @@ TypeId ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkLValue(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExpr* expr)
         // This can fail if the user is erroneously trying to augment a builtin
         // table like os or string.
         if (auto bc = dfg->getBreadcrumb(e))
-            symbolScope->dcrRefinements[bc->def] = updatedType;
+        {
+            symbolScope->lvalueTypes[bc->def] = updatedType;
+            symbolScope->rvalueRefinements[bc->def] = updatedType;
+        }
     }
 
     return propTy;
@@ -2232,7 +2375,7 @@ Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprTable* exp
             checkExpectedIndexResultType = pinnedIndexResultType;
         }
 
-        TypeId itemTy = check(scope, item.value, ValueContext::RValue, checkExpectedIndexResultType).ty;
+        TypeId itemTy = check(scope, item.value, checkExpectedIndexResultType).ty;
 
         if (isIndexedResultType && !pinnedIndexResultType)
             pinnedIndexResultType = itemTy;
@@ -2242,7 +2385,7 @@ Inference ConstraintGraphBuilder::check(const ScopePtr& scope, AstExprTable* exp
             // Even though we don't need to use the type of the item's key if
             // it's a string constant, we still want to check it to populate
             // astTypes.
-            TypeId keyTy = check(scope, item.key, ValueContext::RValue, annotatedKeyType).ty;
+            TypeId keyTy = check(scope, item.key, annotatedKeyType).ty;
 
             if (AstExprConstantString* key = item.key->as<AstExprConstantString>())
             {
@@ -2346,7 +2489,8 @@ ConstraintGraphBuilder::FunctionSignature ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkFunctionS
         signatureScope->bindings[fn->self] = Binding{selfType, fn->self->location};
 
         BreadcrumbId bc = dfg->getBreadcrumb(fn->self);
-        signatureScope->dcrRefinements[bc->def] = selfType;
+        signatureScope->lvalueTypes[bc->def] = selfType;
+        signatureScope->rvalueRefinements[bc->def] = selfType;
     }
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < fn->args.size; ++i)
@@ -2370,7 +2514,8 @@ ConstraintGraphBuilder::FunctionSignature ConstraintGraphBuilder::checkFunctionS
         signatureScope->bindings[local] = Binding{argTy, local->location};
 
         BreadcrumbId bc = dfg->getBreadcrumb(local);
-        signatureScope->dcrRefinements[bc->def] = argTy;
+        signatureScope->lvalueTypes[bc->def] = argTy;
+        signatureScope->rvalueRefinements[bc->def] = argTy;
     }
 
     TypePackId varargPack = nullptr;
@@ -2612,6 +2757,7 @@ TypeId ConstraintGraphBuilder::resolveType(const ScopePtr& scope, AstType* ty, b
         // TODO: FunctionType needs a pointer to the scope so that we know
         // how to quantify/instantiate it.
         FunctionType ftv{TypeLevel{}, scope.get(), {}, {}, argTypes, returnTypes};
+        ftv.isCheckedFunction = fn->checkedFunction;
 
         // This replicates the behavior of the appropriate FunctionType
         // constructors.
@@ -2836,17 +2982,27 @@ struct GlobalPrepopulator : AstVisitor
 {
     const NotNull<Scope> globalScope;
     const NotNull<TypeArena> arena;
+    const NotNull<const DataFlowGraph> dfg;
 
-    GlobalPrepopulator(NotNull<Scope> globalScope, NotNull<TypeArena> arena)
+    GlobalPrepopulator(NotNull<Scope> globalScope, NotNull<TypeArena> arena, NotNull<const DataFlowGraph> dfg)
         : globalScope(globalScope)
         , arena(arena)
+        , dfg(dfg)
     {
     }
 
     bool visit(AstStatFunction* function) override
     {
         if (AstExprGlobal* g = function->name->as<AstExprGlobal>())
-            globalScope->bindings[g->name] = Binding{arena->addType(BlockedType{})};
+        {
+            TypeId bt = arena->addType(BlockedType{});
+            globalScope->bindings[g->name] = Binding{bt};
+
+            NullableBreadcrumbId bc = dfg->getBreadcrumb(function->name);
+            LUAU_ASSERT(bc);
+
+            globalScope->lvalueTypes[bc->def] = bt;
+        }
 
         return true;
     }
@@ -2854,7 +3010,7 @@ struct GlobalPrepopulator : AstVisitor
 
 void ConstraintGraphBuilder::prepopulateGlobalScope(const ScopePtr& globalScope, AstStatBlock* program)
 {
-    GlobalPrepopulator gp{NotNull{globalScope.get()}, arena};
+    GlobalPrepopulator gp{NotNull{globalScope.get()}, arena, dfg};
 
     if (prepareModuleScope)
         prepareModuleScope(module->name, globalScope);
diff --git a/Analysis/src/ConstraintSolver.cpp b/Analysis/src/ConstraintSolver.cpp
index c1544bd7..320ff917 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/ConstraintSolver.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/ConstraintSolver.cpp
@@ -1344,7 +1344,7 @@ bool ConstraintSolver::tryDispatch(const FunctionCallConstraint& c, NotNull<cons
         head.insert(head.begin(), fn);
 
         argsPack = arena->addTypePack(TypePack{std::move(head), tail});
-        fn = *callMm;
+        fn = follow(*callMm);
         asMutable(c.result)->ty.emplace<FreeTypePack>(constraint->scope);
     }
     else
@@ -1887,6 +1887,9 @@ bool ConstraintSolver::tryDispatch(const RefineConstraint& c, NotNull<const Cons
 
     const TypeId type = follow(c.type);
 
+    if (hasUnresolvedConstraints(type))
+        return block(type, constraint);
+
     LUAU_ASSERT(get<BlockedType>(c.resultType));
 
     if (type == c.resultType)
@@ -1946,8 +1949,7 @@ bool ConstraintSolver::tryDispatch(const RefineConstraint& c, NotNull<const Cons
 bool ConstraintSolver::tryDispatch(const ReduceConstraint& c, NotNull<const Constraint> constraint, bool force)
 {
     TypeId ty = follow(c.ty);
-    FamilyGraphReductionResult result =
-        reduceFamilies(NotNull{this}, ty, constraint->location, constraint->scope, nullptr, force);
+    FamilyGraphReductionResult result = reduceFamilies(ty, constraint->location, TypeFamilyContext{NotNull{this}, constraint->scope}, force);
 
     for (TypeId r : result.reducedTypes)
         unblock(r, constraint->location);
@@ -1970,8 +1972,7 @@ bool ConstraintSolver::tryDispatch(const ReduceConstraint& c, NotNull<const Cons
 bool ConstraintSolver::tryDispatch(const ReducePackConstraint& c, NotNull<const Constraint> constraint, bool force)
 {
     TypePackId tp = follow(c.tp);
-    FamilyGraphReductionResult result =
-        reduceFamilies(NotNull{this}, tp, constraint->location, constraint->scope, nullptr, force);
+    FamilyGraphReductionResult result = reduceFamilies(tp, constraint->location, TypeFamilyContext{NotNull{this}, constraint->scope}, force);
 
     for (TypeId r : result.reducedTypes)
         unblock(r, constraint->location);
diff --git a/Analysis/src/Scope.cpp b/Analysis/src/Scope.cpp
index bcd21d26..92912530 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/Scope.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/Scope.cpp
@@ -55,12 +55,25 @@ std::optional<std::pair<Binding*, Scope*>> Scope::lookupEx(Symbol sym)
     }
 }
 
+std::optional<TypeId> Scope::lookupLValue(DefId def) const
+{
+    for (const Scope* current = this; current; current = current->parent.get())
+    {
+        if (auto ty = current->lvalueTypes.find(def))
+            return *ty;
+    }
+
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
 // TODO: We might kill Scope::lookup(Symbol) once data flow is fully fleshed out with type states and control flow analysis.
 std::optional<TypeId> Scope::lookup(DefId def) const
 {
     for (const Scope* current = this; current; current = current->parent.get())
     {
-        if (auto ty = current->dcrRefinements.find(def))
+        if (auto ty = current->rvalueRefinements.find(def))
+            return *ty;
+        if (auto ty = current->lvalueTypes.find(def))
             return *ty;
     }
 
@@ -156,10 +169,10 @@ void Scope::inheritRefinements(const ScopePtr& childScope)
 {
     if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
     {
-        for (const auto& [k, a] : childScope->dcrRefinements)
+        for (const auto& [k, a] : childScope->rvalueRefinements)
         {
             if (lookup(NotNull{k}))
-                dcrRefinements[k] = a;
+                rvalueRefinements[k] = a;
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/Analysis/src/Subtyping.cpp b/Analysis/src/Subtyping.cpp
index e4b14712..8ee1d2c8 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/Subtyping.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/Subtyping.cpp
@@ -101,6 +101,27 @@ SubtypingResult Subtyping::isSubtype(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy)
         TypeId lowerBound = makeAggregateType<UnionType>(lb, builtinTypes->neverType);
         TypeId upperBound = makeAggregateType<IntersectionType>(ub, builtinTypes->unknownType);
 
+        const NormalizedType* nt = normalizer->normalize(upperBound);
+        if (!nt)
+            result.normalizationTooComplex = true;
+        else if (!normalizer->isInhabited(nt))
+        {
+            /* If the normalized upper bound we're mapping to a generic is
+             * uninhabited, then we must consider the subtyping relation not to
+             * hold.
+             *
+             * This happens eg in <T>() -> (T, T) <: () -> (string, number)
+             *
+             * T appears in covariant position and would have to be both string
+             * and number at once.
+             *
+             * No actual value is both a string and a number, so the test fails.
+             *
+             * TODO: We'll need to add explanitory context here.
+             */
+            result.isSubtype = false;
+        }
+
         result.andAlso(isCovariantWith(lowerBound, upperBound));
     }
 
diff --git a/Analysis/src/Type.cpp b/Analysis/src/Type.cpp
index dd48b216..1859131b 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/Type.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/Type.cpp
@@ -1044,6 +1044,14 @@ void persist(TypeId ty)
         else if (get<GenericType>(t) || get<AnyType>(t) || get<FreeType>(t) || get<SingletonType>(t) || get<PrimitiveType>(t) || get<NegationType>(t))
         {
         }
+        else if (auto tfit = get<TypeFamilyInstanceType>(t))
+        {
+            for (auto ty : tfit->typeArguments)
+                queue.push_back(ty);
+
+            for (auto tp : tfit->packArguments)
+                persist(tp);
+        }
         else
         {
             LUAU_ASSERT(!"TypeId is not supported in a persist call");
@@ -1072,6 +1080,14 @@ void persist(TypePackId tp)
     else if (get<GenericTypePack>(tp))
     {
     }
+    else if (auto tfitp = get<TypeFamilyInstanceTypePack>(tp))
+    {
+        for (auto ty : tfitp->typeArguments)
+            persist(ty);
+
+        for (auto tp : tfitp->packArguments)
+            persist(tp);
+    }
     else
     {
         LUAU_ASSERT(!"TypePackId is not supported in a persist call");
diff --git a/Analysis/src/TypeChecker2.cpp b/Analysis/src/TypeChecker2.cpp
index 02e7ecdc..24925a1a 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/TypeChecker2.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/TypeChecker2.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 #include "Luau/Type.h"
 #include "Luau/TypePack.h"
 #include "Luau/TypeUtils.h"
-#include "Luau/Unifier.h"
 #include "Luau/TypeFamily.h"
 #include "Luau/VisitType.h"
 
@@ -242,7 +241,8 @@ struct TypeChecker2
     DenseHashSet<TypeId> noTypeFamilyErrors{nullptr};
 
     Normalizer normalizer;
-    Subtyping subtyping;
+    Subtyping _subtyping;
+    NotNull<Subtyping> subtyping;
 
     TypeChecker2(NotNull<BuiltinTypes> builtinTypes, NotNull<UnifierSharedState> unifierState, NotNull<TypeCheckLimits> limits, DcrLogger* logger,
         const SourceModule* sourceModule, Module* module)
@@ -253,7 +253,9 @@ struct TypeChecker2
         , sourceModule(sourceModule)
         , module(module)
         , normalizer{&testArena, builtinTypes, unifierState, /* cacheInhabitance */ true}
-        , subtyping{builtinTypes, NotNull{&testArena}, NotNull{&normalizer}, NotNull{unifierState->iceHandler}, NotNull{module->getModuleScope().get()}}
+        , _subtyping{builtinTypes, NotNull{&testArena}, NotNull{&normalizer}, NotNull{unifierState->iceHandler},
+              NotNull{module->getModuleScope().get()}}
+        , subtyping(&_subtyping)
     {
     }
 
@@ -282,9 +284,9 @@ struct TypeChecker2
         if (noTypeFamilyErrors.find(instance))
             return instance;
 
-        TxnLog fake{};
-        ErrorVec errors =
-            reduceFamilies(instance, location, NotNull{&testArena}, builtinTypes, stack.back(), NotNull{&normalizer}, &fake, true).errors;
+        ErrorVec errors = reduceFamilies(
+            instance, location, TypeFamilyContext{NotNull{&testArena}, builtinTypes, stack.back(), NotNull{&normalizer}, ice, limits}, true)
+                              .errors;
 
         if (errors.empty())
             noTypeFamilyErrors.insert(instance);
@@ -491,17 +493,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
         TypeArena* arena = &testArena;
         TypePackId actualRetType = reconstructPack(ret->list, *arena);
 
-        Unifier u{NotNull{&normalizer}, stack.back(), ret->location, Covariant};
-        u.hideousFixMeGenericsAreActuallyFree = true;
-
-        u.tryUnify(actualRetType, expectedRetType);
-        const bool ok = (u.errors.empty() && u.log.empty()) || isErrorSuppressing(ret->location, actualRetType, ret->location, expectedRetType);
-
-        if (!ok)
-        {
-            for (const TypeError& e : u.errors)
-                reportError(e);
-        }
+        testIsSubtype(actualRetType, expectedRetType, ret->location);
 
         for (AstExpr* expr : ret->list)
             visit(expr, ValueContext::RValue);
@@ -532,9 +524,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
                     TypeId annotationType = lookupAnnotation(var->annotation);
                     TypeId valueType = value ? lookupType(value) : nullptr;
                     if (valueType)
-                    {
-                        reportErrors(tryUnify(stack.back(), value->location, valueType, annotationType));
-                    }
+                        testIsSubtype(valueType, annotationType, value->location);
 
                     visit(var->annotation);
                 }
@@ -559,7 +549,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
                     if (var->annotation)
                     {
                         TypeId varType = lookupAnnotation(var->annotation);
-                        reportErrors(tryUnify(stack.back(), value->location, valueTypes.head[j - i], varType));
+                        testIsSubtype(valueTypes.head[j - i], varType, value->location);
 
                         visit(var->annotation);
                     }
@@ -586,20 +576,20 @@ struct TypeChecker2
 
     void visit(AstStatFor* forStatement)
     {
-        NotNull<Scope> scope = stack.back();
-
         if (forStatement->var->annotation)
         {
             visit(forStatement->var->annotation);
-            reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, forStatement->var->location, builtinTypes->numberType, lookupAnnotation(forStatement->var->annotation)));
+
+            TypeId annotatedType = lookupAnnotation(forStatement->var->annotation);
+            testIsSubtype(builtinTypes->numberType, annotatedType, forStatement->var->location);
         }
 
-        auto checkNumber = [this, scope](AstExpr* expr) {
+        auto checkNumber = [this](AstExpr* expr) {
             if (!expr)
                 return;
 
             visit(expr, ValueContext::RValue);
-            reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, expr->location, lookupType(expr), builtinTypes->numberType));
+            testIsSubtype(lookupType(expr), builtinTypes->numberType, expr->location);
         };
 
         checkNumber(forStatement->from);
@@ -689,8 +679,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
         }
         TypeId iteratorTy = follow(iteratorTypes.head[0]);
 
-        auto checkFunction = [this, &arena, &scope, &forInStatement, &variableTypes](
-                                 const FunctionType* iterFtv, std::vector<TypeId> iterTys, bool isMm) {
+        auto checkFunction = [this, &arena, &forInStatement, &variableTypes](const FunctionType* iterFtv, std::vector<TypeId> iterTys, bool isMm) {
             if (iterTys.size() < 1 || iterTys.size() > 3)
             {
                 if (isMm)
@@ -713,7 +702,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
             }
 
             for (size_t i = 0; i < std::min(expectedVariableTypes.head.size(), variableTypes.size()); ++i)
-                reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, forInStatement->vars.data[i]->location, variableTypes[i], expectedVariableTypes.head[i]));
+                testIsSubtype(variableTypes[i], expectedVariableTypes.head[i], forInStatement->vars.data[i]->location);
 
             // nextFn is going to be invoked with (arrayTy, startIndexTy)
 
@@ -757,13 +746,13 @@ struct TypeChecker2
             if (iterTys.size() >= 2 && flattenedArgTypes.head.size() > 0)
             {
                 size_t valueIndex = forInStatement->values.size > 1 ? 1 : 0;
-                reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, forInStatement->values.data[valueIndex]->location, iterTys[1], flattenedArgTypes.head[0]));
+                testIsSubtype(iterTys[1], flattenedArgTypes.head[0], forInStatement->values.data[valueIndex]->location);
             }
 
             if (iterTys.size() == 3 && flattenedArgTypes.head.size() > 1)
             {
                 size_t valueIndex = forInStatement->values.size > 2 ? 2 : 0;
-                reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, forInStatement->values.data[valueIndex]->location, iterTys[2], flattenedArgTypes.head[1]));
+                testIsSubtype(iterTys[2], flattenedArgTypes.head[1], forInStatement->values.data[valueIndex]->location);
             }
         };
 
@@ -795,9 +784,9 @@ struct TypeChecker2
         {
             if ((forInStatement->vars.size == 1 || forInStatement->vars.size == 2) && ttv->indexer)
             {
-                reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, forInStatement->vars.data[0]->location, variableTypes[0], ttv->indexer->indexType));
+                testIsSubtype(variableTypes[0], ttv->indexer->indexType, forInStatement->vars.data[0]->location);
                 if (variableTypes.size() == 2)
-                    reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, forInStatement->vars.data[1]->location, variableTypes[1], ttv->indexer->indexResultType));
+                    testIsSubtype(variableTypes[1], ttv->indexer->indexResultType, forInStatement->vars.data[1]->location);
             }
             else
                 reportError(GenericError{"Cannot iterate over a table without indexer"}, forInStatement->values.data[0]->location);
@@ -820,7 +809,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
                 if (const FunctionType* iterMmFtv = get<FunctionType>(*instantiatedIterMmTy))
                 {
                     TypePackId argPack = arena.addTypePack({iteratorTy});
-                    reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, forInStatement->values.data[0]->location, argPack, iterMmFtv->argTypes));
+                    testIsSubtype(argPack, iterMmFtv->argTypes, forInStatement->values.data[0]->location);
 
                     TypePack mmIteratorTypes = extendTypePack(arena, builtinTypes, iterMmFtv->retTypes, 3);
 
@@ -894,12 +883,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
             if (get<NeverType>(lhsType))
                 continue;
 
-
-            if (!isSubtype(rhsType, lhsType, stack.back()) &&
-                !isErrorSuppressing(assign->vars.data[i]->location, lhsType, assign->values.data[i]->location, rhsType))
-            {
-                reportError(TypeMismatch{lhsType, rhsType}, rhs->location);
-            }
+            testIsSubtype(rhsType, lhsType, rhs->location);
         }
     }
 
@@ -909,7 +893,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
         TypeId resultTy = visit(&fake, stat);
         TypeId varTy = lookupType(stat->var);
 
-        reportErrors(tryUnify(stack.back(), stat->location, resultTy, varTy));
+        testIsSubtype(resultTy, varTy, stat->location);
     }
 
     void visit(AstStatFunction* stat)
@@ -1029,34 +1013,38 @@ struct TypeChecker2
 
     void visit(AstExprConstantNil* expr)
     {
-        NotNull<Scope> scope = stack.back();
         TypeId actualType = lookupType(expr);
         TypeId expectedType = builtinTypes->nilType;
-        LUAU_ASSERT(isSubtype(actualType, expectedType, scope));
+
+        SubtypingResult r = subtyping->isSubtype(actualType, expectedType);
+        LUAU_ASSERT(r.isSubtype || r.isErrorSuppressing);
     }
 
     void visit(AstExprConstantBool* expr)
     {
-        NotNull<Scope> scope = stack.back();
         TypeId actualType = lookupType(expr);
         TypeId expectedType = builtinTypes->booleanType;
-        LUAU_ASSERT(isSubtype(actualType, expectedType, scope));
+
+        SubtypingResult r = subtyping->isSubtype(actualType, expectedType);
+        LUAU_ASSERT(r.isSubtype || r.isErrorSuppressing);
     }
 
     void visit(AstExprConstantNumber* expr)
     {
-        NotNull<Scope> scope = stack.back();
         TypeId actualType = lookupType(expr);
         TypeId expectedType = builtinTypes->numberType;
-        LUAU_ASSERT(isSubtype(actualType, expectedType, scope));
+
+        SubtypingResult r = subtyping->isSubtype(actualType, expectedType);
+        LUAU_ASSERT(r.isSubtype || r.isErrorSuppressing);
     }
 
     void visit(AstExprConstantString* expr)
     {
-        NotNull<Scope> scope = stack.back();
         TypeId actualType = lookupType(expr);
         TypeId expectedType = builtinTypes->stringType;
-        LUAU_ASSERT(isSubtype(actualType, expectedType, scope));
+
+        SubtypingResult r = subtyping->isSubtype(actualType, expectedType);
+        LUAU_ASSERT(r.isSubtype || r.isErrorSuppressing);
     }
 
     void visit(AstExprLocal* expr)
@@ -1089,7 +1077,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
         TypeId fnTy = *originalCallTy;
         if (selectedOverloadTy)
         {
-            SubtypingResult result = subtyping.isSubtype(*originalCallTy, *selectedOverloadTy);
+            SubtypingResult result = subtyping->isSubtype(*originalCallTy, *selectedOverloadTy);
             if (result.isSubtype)
                 fnTy = *selectedOverloadTy;
 
@@ -1152,6 +1140,8 @@ struct TypeChecker2
             NotNull{&normalizer},
             NotNull{stack.back()},
             ice,
+            limits,
+            subtyping,
             call->location,
         };
 
@@ -1243,6 +1233,8 @@ struct TypeChecker2
         NotNull<Normalizer> normalizer;
         NotNull<Scope> scope;
         NotNull<InternalErrorReporter> ice;
+        NotNull<TypeCheckLimits> limits;
+        NotNull<Subtyping> subtyping;
         Location callLoc;
 
         std::vector<TypeId> ok;
@@ -1252,32 +1244,38 @@ struct TypeChecker2
         InsertionOrderedMap<TypeId, std::pair<Analysis, size_t>> resolution;
 
     private:
-        std::optional<ErrorVec> tryUnify(const Location& location, TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, const LiteralProperties* literalProperties = nullptr)
+        std::optional<ErrorVec> testIsSubtype(const Location& location, TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy)
         {
-            Unifier u{normalizer, scope, location, Covariant};
-            u.ctx = CountMismatch::Arg;
-            u.hideousFixMeGenericsAreActuallyFree = true;
-            u.enableNewSolver();
-            u.tryUnify(subTy, superTy, /*isFunctionCall*/ false, /*isIntersection*/ false, literalProperties);
+            auto r = subtyping->isSubtype(subTy, superTy);
+            ErrorVec errors;
 
-            if (u.errors.empty())
+            if (r.normalizationTooComplex)
+                errors.push_back(TypeError{location, NormalizationTooComplex{}});
+
+            if (!r.isSubtype && !r.isErrorSuppressing)
+                errors.push_back(TypeError{location, TypeMismatch{superTy, subTy}});
+
+            if (errors.empty())
                 return std::nullopt;
 
-            return std::move(u.errors);
+            return errors;
         }
 
-        std::optional<ErrorVec> tryUnify(const Location& location, TypePackId subTy, TypePackId superTy)
+        std::optional<ErrorVec> testIsSubtype(const Location& location, TypePackId subTy, TypePackId superTy)
         {
-            Unifier u{normalizer, scope, location, Covariant};
-            u.ctx = CountMismatch::Arg;
-            u.hideousFixMeGenericsAreActuallyFree = true;
-            u.enableNewSolver();
-            u.tryUnify(subTy, superTy);
+            auto r = subtyping->isSubtype(subTy, superTy);
+            ErrorVec errors;
 
-            if (u.errors.empty())
+            if (r.normalizationTooComplex)
+                errors.push_back(TypeError{location, NormalizationTooComplex{}});
+
+            if (!r.isSubtype && !r.isErrorSuppressing)
+                errors.push_back(TypeError{location, TypePackMismatch{superTy, subTy}});
+
+            if (errors.empty())
                 return std::nullopt;
 
-            return std::move(u.errors);
+            return errors;
         }
 
         std::pair<Analysis, ErrorVec> checkOverload(
@@ -1316,35 +1314,12 @@ struct TypeChecker2
                    expr->is<AstExprConstantString>() || expr->is<AstExprFunction>() || expr->is<AstExprTable>();
         }
 
-        static std::unique_ptr<LiteralProperties> buildLiteralPropertiesSet(AstExpr* expr)
-        {
-            const AstExprTable* table = expr->as<AstExprTable>();
-            if (!table)
-                return nullptr;
-
-            std::unique_ptr<LiteralProperties> result = std::make_unique<LiteralProperties>(Name{});
-
-            for (const AstExprTable::Item& item : table->items)
-            {
-                if (item.kind != AstExprTable::Item::Record)
-                    continue;
-
-                AstExprConstantString* keyExpr = item.key->as<AstExprConstantString>();
-                LUAU_ASSERT(keyExpr);
-
-                if (isLiteral(item.value))
-                    result->insert(Name{keyExpr->value.begin(), keyExpr->value.end()});
-            }
-
-            return result;
-        }
-
         LUAU_NOINLINE
         std::pair<Analysis, ErrorVec> checkOverload_(
             TypeId fnTy, const FunctionType* fn, const TypePack* args, AstExpr* fnExpr, const std::vector<AstExpr*>* argExprs)
         {
-            TxnLog fake;
-            FamilyGraphReductionResult result = reduceFamilies(fnTy, callLoc, arena, builtinTypes, scope, normalizer, &fake, /*force=*/true);
+            FamilyGraphReductionResult result =
+                reduceFamilies(fnTy, callLoc, TypeFamilyContext{arena, builtinTypes, scope, normalizer, ice, limits}, /*force=*/true);
             if (!result.errors.empty())
                 return {OverloadIsNonviable, result.errors};
 
@@ -1363,9 +1338,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
                 TypeId argTy = args->head[argOffset];
                 AstExpr* argLoc = argExprs->at(argOffset >= argExprs->size() ? argExprs->size() - 1 : argOffset);
 
-                std::unique_ptr<LiteralProperties> literalProperties{buildLiteralPropertiesSet(argLoc)};
-
-                if (auto errors = tryUnify(argLoc->location, argTy, paramTy, literalProperties.get()))
+                if (auto errors = testIsSubtype(argLoc->location, argTy, paramTy))
                 {
                     // Since we're stopping right here, we need to decide if this is a nonviable overload or if there is an arity mismatch.
                     // If it's a nonviable overload, then we need to keep going to get all type errors.
@@ -1395,7 +1368,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
                 }
                 else if (auto vtp = get<VariadicTypePack>(follow(paramIter.tail())))
                 {
-                    if (auto errors = tryUnify(argExpr->location, args->head[argOffset], vtp->ty))
+                    if (auto errors = testIsSubtype(argExpr->location, args->head[argOffset], vtp->ty))
                         argumentErrors.insert(argumentErrors.end(), errors->begin(), errors->end());
                 }
                 else if (get<GenericTypePack>(follow(paramIter.tail())))
@@ -1414,7 +1387,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
                 {
                     AstExpr* argExpr = argExprs->at(argExprs->size() - 1);
 
-                    if (auto errors = tryUnify(argExpr->location, vtp->ty, *paramIter))
+                    if (auto errors = testIsSubtype(argExpr->location, vtp->ty, *paramIter))
                         argumentErrors.insert(argumentErrors.end(), errors->begin(), errors->end());
                 }
                 else if (!isOptional(*paramIter))
@@ -1439,7 +1412,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
 
             if (paramIter.tail() && args->tail)
             {
-                if (auto errors = tryUnify(argLoc, *args->tail, *paramIter.tail()))
+                if (auto errors = testIsSubtype(argLoc, *args->tail, *paramIter.tail()))
                     argumentErrors.insert(argumentErrors.end(), errors->begin(), errors->end());
             }
             else if (paramIter.tail())
@@ -1604,20 +1577,18 @@ struct TypeChecker2
         visit(indexExpr->expr, ValueContext::RValue);
         visit(indexExpr->index, ValueContext::RValue);
 
-        NotNull<Scope> scope = stack.back();
-
         TypeId exprType = lookupType(indexExpr->expr);
         TypeId indexType = lookupType(indexExpr->index);
 
         if (auto tt = get<TableType>(exprType))
         {
             if (tt->indexer)
-                reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, indexExpr->index->location, indexType, tt->indexer->indexType));
+                testIsSubtype(indexType, tt->indexer->indexType, indexExpr->index->location);
             else
                 reportError(CannotExtendTable{exprType, CannotExtendTable::Indexer, "indexer??"}, indexExpr->location);
         }
         else if (auto cls = get<ClassType>(exprType); cls && cls->indexer)
-            reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, indexExpr->index->location, indexType, cls->indexer->indexType));
+            testIsSubtype(indexType, cls->indexer->indexType, indexExpr->index->location);
         else if (get<UnionType>(exprType) && isOptional(exprType))
             reportError(OptionalValueAccess{exprType}, indexExpr->location);
     }
@@ -1668,11 +1639,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
                     TypeId inferredArgTy = *argIt;
                     TypeId annotatedArgTy = lookupAnnotation(arg->annotation);
 
-                    if (!isSubtype(inferredArgTy, annotatedArgTy, stack.back()) &&
-                        !isErrorSuppressing(arg->location, inferredArgTy, arg->annotation->location, annotatedArgTy))
-                    {
-                        reportError(TypeMismatch{inferredArgTy, annotatedArgTy}, arg->location);
-                    }
+                    testIsSubtype(inferredArgTy, annotatedArgTy, arg->location);
                 }
 
                 ++argIt;
@@ -1699,7 +1666,6 @@ struct TypeChecker2
     {
         visit(expr->expr, ValueContext::RValue);
 
-        NotNull<Scope> scope = stack.back();
         TypeId operandType = lookupType(expr->expr);
         TypeId resultType = lookupType(expr);
 
@@ -1717,7 +1683,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
                     {
                         if (expr->op == AstExprUnary::Op::Len)
                         {
-                            reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, expr->location, follow(*ret), builtinTypes->numberType));
+                            testIsSubtype(follow(*ret), builtinTypes->numberType, expr->location);
                         }
                     }
                     else
@@ -1737,12 +1703,9 @@ struct TypeChecker2
 
                     TypeId expectedFunction = testArena.addType(FunctionType{expectedArgs, expectedRet});
 
-                    ErrorVec errors = tryUnify(scope, expr->location, *mm, expectedFunction);
-                    if (!errors.empty() && !isErrorSuppressing(expr->expr->location, *firstArg, expr->expr->location, operandType))
-                    {
-                        reportError(TypeMismatch{*firstArg, operandType}, expr->location);
+                    bool success = testIsSubtype(*mm, expectedFunction, expr->location);
+                    if (!success)
                         return;
-                    }
                 }
 
                 return;
@@ -1768,7 +1731,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
         }
         else if (expr->op == AstExprUnary::Op::Minus)
         {
-            reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, expr->location, operandType, builtinTypes->numberType));
+            testIsSubtype(operandType, builtinTypes->numberType, expr->location);
         }
         else if (expr->op == AstExprUnary::Op::Not)
         {
@@ -1792,7 +1755,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
 
         TypeId leftType = lookupType(expr->left);
         TypeId rightType = lookupType(expr->right);
-        TypeId expectedResult = lookupType(expr);
+        TypeId expectedResult = follow(lookupType(expr));
 
         if (get<TypeFamilyInstanceType>(expectedResult))
         {
@@ -1928,7 +1891,7 @@ struct TypeChecker2
 
                     TypeId expectedTy = testArena.addType(FunctionType(expectedArgs, expectedRets));
 
-                    reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, expr->location, follow(*mm), expectedTy));
+                    testIsSubtype(follow(*mm), expectedTy, expr->location);
 
                     std::optional<TypeId> ret = first(ftv->retTypes);
                     if (ret)
@@ -2022,13 +1985,13 @@ struct TypeChecker2
         case AstExprBinary::Op::Mod:
             LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauFloorDivision || expr->op != AstExprBinary::Op::FloorDiv);
 
-            reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, expr->left->location, leftType, builtinTypes->numberType));
-            reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, expr->right->location, rightType, builtinTypes->numberType));
+            testIsSubtype(leftType, builtinTypes->numberType, expr->left->location);
+            testIsSubtype(rightType, builtinTypes->numberType, expr->right->location);
 
             return builtinTypes->numberType;
         case AstExprBinary::Op::Concat:
-            reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, expr->left->location, leftType, builtinTypes->stringType));
-            reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, expr->right->location, rightType, builtinTypes->stringType));
+            testIsSubtype(leftType, builtinTypes->stringType, expr->left->location);
+            testIsSubtype(rightType, builtinTypes->stringType, expr->right->location);
 
             return builtinTypes->stringType;
         case AstExprBinary::Op::CompareGe:
@@ -2041,12 +2004,12 @@ struct TypeChecker2
 
             if (normLeft && normLeft->isExactlyNumber())
             {
-                reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, expr->right->location, rightType, builtinTypes->numberType));
+                testIsSubtype(rightType, builtinTypes->numberType, expr->right->location);
                 return builtinTypes->numberType;
             }
             else if (normLeft && normLeft->isSubtypeOfString())
             {
-                reportErrors(tryUnify(scope, expr->right->location, rightType, builtinTypes->stringType));
+                testIsSubtype(rightType, builtinTypes->stringType, expr->right->location);
                 return builtinTypes->stringType;
             }
             else
@@ -2081,10 +2044,10 @@ struct TypeChecker2
         TypeId computedType = lookupType(expr->expr);
 
         // Note: As an optimization, we try 'number <: number | string' first, as that is the more likely case.
-        if (isSubtype(annotationType, computedType, stack.back(), true))
+        if (auto r = subtyping->isSubtype(annotationType, computedType); r.isSubtype || r.isErrorSuppressing)
             return;
 
-        if (isSubtype(computedType, annotationType, stack.back(), true))
+        if (auto r = subtyping->isSubtype(computedType, annotationType); r.isSubtype || r.isErrorSuppressing)
             return;
 
         reportError(TypesAreUnrelated{computedType, annotationType}, expr->location);
@@ -2424,33 +2387,30 @@ struct TypeChecker2
         }
     }
 
-    template<typename TID>
-    bool isSubtype(TID subTy, TID superTy, NotNull<Scope> scope, bool genericsOkay = false)
+    bool testIsSubtype(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, Location location)
     {
-        TypeArena arena;
-        Unifier u{NotNull{&normalizer}, scope, Location{}, Covariant};
-        u.hideousFixMeGenericsAreActuallyFree = genericsOkay;
-        u.enableNewSolver();
+        SubtypingResult r = subtyping->isSubtype(subTy, superTy);
 
-        u.tryUnify(subTy, superTy);
-        const bool ok = u.errors.empty() && u.log.empty();
-        return ok;
+        if (r.normalizationTooComplex)
+            reportError(NormalizationTooComplex{}, location);
+
+        if (!r.isSubtype && !r.isErrorSuppressing)
+            reportError(TypeMismatch{superTy, subTy}, location);
+
+        return r.isSubtype;
     }
 
-    template<typename TID>
-    ErrorVec tryUnify(NotNull<Scope> scope, const Location& location, TID subTy, TID superTy, CountMismatch::Context context = CountMismatch::Arg,
-        bool genericsOkay = false)
+    bool testIsSubtype(TypePackId subTy, TypePackId superTy, Location location)
     {
-        Unifier u{NotNull{&normalizer}, scope, location, Covariant};
-        u.ctx = context;
-        u.hideousFixMeGenericsAreActuallyFree = genericsOkay;
-        u.enableNewSolver();
-        u.tryUnify(subTy, superTy);
+        SubtypingResult r = subtyping->isSubtype(subTy, superTy);
 
-        if (isErrorSuppressing(location, subTy, location, superTy))
-            return {};
+        if (r.normalizationTooComplex)
+            reportError(NormalizationTooComplex{}, location);
 
-        return std::move(u.errors);
+        if (!r.isSubtype && !r.isErrorSuppressing)
+            reportError(TypePackMismatch{superTy, subTy}, location);
+
+        return r.isSubtype;
     }
 
     void reportError(TypeErrorData data, const Location& location)
diff --git a/Analysis/src/TypeFamily.cpp b/Analysis/src/TypeFamily.cpp
index 9652f353..06574d97 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/TypeFamily.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/TypeFamily.cpp
@@ -6,12 +6,13 @@
 #include "Luau/DenseHash.h"
 #include "Luau/Instantiation.h"
 #include "Luau/Normalize.h"
+#include "Luau/Simplify.h"
 #include "Luau/Substitution.h"
 #include "Luau/ToString.h"
 #include "Luau/TxnLog.h"
 #include "Luau/TypeCheckLimits.h"
 #include "Luau/TypeUtils.h"
-#include "Luau/Unifier.h"
+#include "Luau/Unifier2.h"
 #include "Luau/VisitType.h"
 
 LUAU_DYNAMIC_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauTypeFamilyGraphReductionMaximumSteps, 1'000'000);
@@ -56,38 +57,23 @@ struct InstanceCollector : TypeOnceVisitor
 
 struct FamilyReducer
 {
-    ConstraintSolver* solver = nullptr;
-
-    // Conditionally from the solver if one is provided.
-    NotNull<TypeArena> arena;
-    NotNull<BuiltinTypes> builtins;
-    NotNull<Normalizer> normalizer;
+    TypeFamilyContext ctx;
 
     std::deque<TypeId> queuedTys;
     std::deque<TypePackId> queuedTps;
     DenseHashSet<const void*> irreducible{nullptr};
     FamilyGraphReductionResult result;
-    TxnLog* parentLog = nullptr;
-    TxnLog log;
     bool force = false;
 
     // Local to the constraint being reduced.
     Location location;
-    NotNull<Scope> scope;
 
-    FamilyReducer(std::deque<TypeId> queuedTys, std::deque<TypePackId> queuedTps, Location location, NotNull<TypeArena> arena,
-        NotNull<BuiltinTypes> builtins, NotNull<Scope> scope, NotNull<Normalizer> normalizer, ConstraintSolver* solver, TxnLog* parentLog = nullptr, bool force = false)
-        : solver(solver)
-        , arena(arena)
-        , builtins(builtins)
-        , normalizer(normalizer)
+    FamilyReducer(std::deque<TypeId> queuedTys, std::deque<TypePackId> queuedTps, Location location, TypeFamilyContext ctx, bool force = false)
+        : ctx(ctx)
         , queuedTys(std::move(queuedTys))
         , queuedTps(std::move(queuedTps))
-        , parentLog(parentLog)
-        , log(parentLog)
         , force(force)
         , location(location)
-        , scope(scope)
     {
     }
 
@@ -100,16 +86,16 @@ struct FamilyReducer
 
     SkipTestResult testForSkippability(TypeId ty)
     {
-        ty = log.follow(ty);
+        ty = follow(ty);
 
-        if (log.is<TypeFamilyInstanceType>(ty))
+        if (is<TypeFamilyInstanceType>(ty))
         {
             if (!irreducible.contains(ty))
                 return SkipTestResult::Defer;
             else
                 return SkipTestResult::Irreducible;
         }
-        else if (log.is<GenericType>(ty))
+        else if (is<GenericType>(ty))
         {
             return SkipTestResult::Irreducible;
         }
@@ -119,16 +105,16 @@ struct FamilyReducer
 
     SkipTestResult testForSkippability(TypePackId ty)
     {
-        ty = log.follow(ty);
+        ty = follow(ty);
 
-        if (log.is<TypeFamilyInstanceTypePack>(ty))
+        if (is<TypeFamilyInstanceTypePack>(ty))
         {
             if (!irreducible.contains(ty))
                 return SkipTestResult::Defer;
             else
                 return SkipTestResult::Irreducible;
         }
-        else if (log.is<GenericTypePack>(ty))
+        else if (is<GenericTypePack>(ty))
         {
             return SkipTestResult::Irreducible;
         }
@@ -139,10 +125,7 @@ struct FamilyReducer
     template<typename T>
     void replace(T subject, T replacement)
     {
-        if (parentLog)
-            parentLog->replace(subject, Unifiable::Bound{replacement});
-        else
-            asMutable(subject)->ty.template emplace<Unifiable::Bound<T>>(replacement);
+        asMutable(subject)->ty.template emplace<Unifiable::Bound<T>>(replacement);
 
         if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, TypeId>)
             result.reducedTypes.insert(subject);
@@ -230,38 +213,36 @@ struct FamilyReducer
 
     void stepType()
     {
-        TypeId subject = log.follow(queuedTys.front());
+        TypeId subject = follow(queuedTys.front());
         queuedTys.pop_front();
 
         if (irreducible.contains(subject))
             return;
 
-        if (const TypeFamilyInstanceType* tfit = log.get<TypeFamilyInstanceType>(subject))
+        if (const TypeFamilyInstanceType* tfit = get<TypeFamilyInstanceType>(subject))
         {
             if (!testParameters(subject, tfit))
                 return;
 
-            TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId> result =
-                tfit->family->reducer(tfit->typeArguments, tfit->packArguments, arena, builtins, NotNull{&log}, scope, normalizer, solver);
+            TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId> result = tfit->family->reducer(tfit->typeArguments, tfit->packArguments, NotNull{&ctx});
             handleFamilyReduction(subject, result);
         }
     }
 
     void stepPack()
     {
-        TypePackId subject = log.follow(queuedTps.front());
+        TypePackId subject = follow(queuedTps.front());
         queuedTps.pop_front();
 
         if (irreducible.contains(subject))
             return;
 
-        if (const TypeFamilyInstanceTypePack* tfit = log.get<TypeFamilyInstanceTypePack>(subject))
+        if (const TypeFamilyInstanceTypePack* tfit = get<TypeFamilyInstanceTypePack>(subject))
         {
             if (!testParameters(subject, tfit))
                 return;
 
-            TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypePackId> result =
-                tfit->family->reducer(tfit->typeArguments, tfit->packArguments, arena, builtins, NotNull{&log}, scope, normalizer, solver);
+            TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypePackId> result = tfit->family->reducer(tfit->typeArguments, tfit->packArguments, NotNull{&ctx});
             handleFamilyReduction(subject, result);
         }
     }
@@ -275,11 +256,10 @@ struct FamilyReducer
     }
 };
 
-static FamilyGraphReductionResult reduceFamiliesInternal(std::deque<TypeId> queuedTys, std::deque<TypePackId> queuedTps, Location location,
-    NotNull<TypeArena> arena, NotNull<BuiltinTypes> builtins, NotNull<Scope> scope, NotNull<Normalizer> normalizer, ConstraintSolver* solver,
-    TxnLog* log, bool force)
+static FamilyGraphReductionResult reduceFamiliesInternal(
+    std::deque<TypeId> queuedTys, std::deque<TypePackId> queuedTps, Location location, TypeFamilyContext ctx, bool force)
 {
-    FamilyReducer reducer{std::move(queuedTys), std::move(queuedTps), location, arena, builtins, scope, normalizer, solver, log, force};
+    FamilyReducer reducer{std::move(queuedTys), std::move(queuedTps), location, ctx, force};
     int iterationCount = 0;
 
     while (!reducer.done())
@@ -297,8 +277,7 @@ static FamilyGraphReductionResult reduceFamiliesInternal(std::deque<TypeId> queu
     return std::move(reducer.result);
 }
 
-FamilyGraphReductionResult reduceFamilies(TypeId entrypoint, Location location, NotNull<TypeArena> arena, NotNull<BuiltinTypes> builtins,
-    NotNull<Scope> scope, NotNull<Normalizer> normalizer, TxnLog* log, bool force)
+FamilyGraphReductionResult reduceFamilies(TypeId entrypoint, Location location, TypeFamilyContext ctx, bool force)
 {
     InstanceCollector collector;
 
@@ -314,11 +293,10 @@ FamilyGraphReductionResult reduceFamilies(TypeId entrypoint, Location location,
     if (collector.tys.empty() && collector.tps.empty())
         return {};
 
-    return reduceFamiliesInternal(std::move(collector.tys), std::move(collector.tps), location, arena, builtins, scope, normalizer, nullptr, log, force);
+    return reduceFamiliesInternal(std::move(collector.tys), std::move(collector.tps), location, ctx, force);
 }
 
-FamilyGraphReductionResult reduceFamilies(TypePackId entrypoint, Location location, NotNull<TypeArena> arena, NotNull<BuiltinTypes> builtins,
-    NotNull<Scope> scope, NotNull<Normalizer> normalizer, TxnLog* log, bool force)
+FamilyGraphReductionResult reduceFamilies(TypePackId entrypoint, Location location, TypeFamilyContext ctx, bool force)
 {
     InstanceCollector collector;
 
@@ -334,94 +312,52 @@ FamilyGraphReductionResult reduceFamilies(TypePackId entrypoint, Location locati
     if (collector.tys.empty() && collector.tps.empty())
         return {};
 
-    return reduceFamiliesInternal(std::move(collector.tys), std::move(collector.tps), location, arena, builtins, scope, normalizer, nullptr, log, force);
+    return reduceFamiliesInternal(std::move(collector.tys), std::move(collector.tps), location, ctx, force);
 }
 
-FamilyGraphReductionResult reduceFamilies(
-    NotNull<ConstraintSolver> solver, TypeId entrypoint, Location location, NotNull<Scope> scope, TxnLog* log, bool force)
+bool isPending(TypeId ty, ConstraintSolver* solver)
 {
-    InstanceCollector collector;
-
-    try
-    {
-        collector.traverse(entrypoint);
-    }
-    catch (RecursionLimitException&)
-    {
-        return FamilyGraphReductionResult{};
-    }
-
-    if (collector.tys.empty() && collector.tps.empty())
-        return {};
-
-    return reduceFamiliesInternal(std::move(collector.tys), std::move(collector.tps), location, solver->arena, solver->builtinTypes, scope, solver->normalizer, solver.get(), log, force);
+    return is<BlockedType>(ty) || is<PendingExpansionType>(ty) || is<TypeFamilyInstanceType>(ty) || (solver && solver->hasUnresolvedConstraints(ty));
 }
 
-FamilyGraphReductionResult reduceFamilies(
-    NotNull<ConstraintSolver> solver, TypePackId entrypoint, Location location, NotNull<Scope> scope, TxnLog* log, bool force)
-{
-    InstanceCollector collector;
-
-    try
-    {
-        collector.traverse(entrypoint);
-    }
-    catch (RecursionLimitException&)
-    {
-        return FamilyGraphReductionResult{};
-    }
-
-    if (collector.tys.empty() && collector.tps.empty())
-        return {};
-
-    return reduceFamiliesInternal(std::move(collector.tys), std::move(collector.tps), location, solver->arena, solver->builtinTypes, scope, solver->normalizer, solver.get(), log, force);
-}
-
-bool isPending(TypeId ty, NotNull<TxnLog> log, ConstraintSolver* solver)
-{
-    return log->is<BlockedType>(ty) || log->is<PendingExpansionType>(ty) || log->is<TypeFamilyInstanceType>(ty)
-        || (solver && solver->hasUnresolvedConstraints(ty));
-}
-
-TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId> addFamilyFn(std::vector<TypeId> typeParams, std::vector<TypePackId> packParams, NotNull<TypeArena> arena,
-    NotNull<BuiltinTypes> builtins, NotNull<TxnLog> log, NotNull<Scope> scope, NotNull<Normalizer> normalizer, ConstraintSolver* solver)
+TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId> numericBinopFamilyFn(
+    std::vector<TypeId> typeParams, std::vector<TypePackId> packParams, NotNull<TypeFamilyContext> ctx, const std::string metamethod)
 {
     if (typeParams.size() != 2 || !packParams.empty())
     {
-        // TODO: ICE?
+        ctx->ice->ice("encountered a type family instance without the required argument structure");
         LUAU_ASSERT(false);
-        return {std::nullopt, true, {}, {}};
     }
 
-    TypeId lhsTy = log->follow(typeParams.at(0));
-    TypeId rhsTy = log->follow(typeParams.at(1));
-    const NormalizedType* normLhsTy = normalizer->normalize(lhsTy);
-    const NormalizedType* normRhsTy = normalizer->normalize(rhsTy);
+    TypeId lhsTy = follow(typeParams.at(0));
+    TypeId rhsTy = follow(typeParams.at(1));
+    const NormalizedType* normLhsTy = ctx->normalizer->normalize(lhsTy);
+    const NormalizedType* normRhsTy = ctx->normalizer->normalize(rhsTy);
     if (!normLhsTy || !normRhsTy)
     {
         return {std::nullopt, false, {}, {}};
     }
-    else if (log->is<AnyType>(normLhsTy->tops) || log->is<AnyType>(normRhsTy->tops))
+    else if (is<AnyType>(normLhsTy->tops) || is<AnyType>(normRhsTy->tops))
     {
-        return {builtins->anyType, false, {}, {}};
+        return {ctx->builtins->anyType, false, {}, {}};
     }
     else if ((normLhsTy->hasNumbers() || normLhsTy->hasTops()) && (normRhsTy->hasNumbers() || normRhsTy->hasTops()))
     {
-        return {builtins->numberType, false, {}, {}};
+        return {ctx->builtins->numberType, false, {}, {}};
     }
-    else if (log->is<ErrorType>(lhsTy) || log->is<ErrorType>(rhsTy))
+    else if (is<ErrorType>(lhsTy) || is<ErrorType>(rhsTy))
     {
-        return {builtins->errorRecoveryType(), false, {}, {}};
+        return {ctx->builtins->errorRecoveryType(), false, {}, {}};
     }
-    else if (log->is<NeverType>(lhsTy) || log->is<NeverType>(rhsTy))
+    else if (is<NeverType>(lhsTy) || is<NeverType>(rhsTy))
     {
-        return {builtins->neverType, false, {}, {}};
+        return {ctx->builtins->neverType, false, {}, {}};
     }
-    else if (isPending(lhsTy, log, solver))
+    else if (isPending(lhsTy, ctx->solver))
     {
         return {std::nullopt, false, {lhsTy}, {}};
     }
-    else if (isPending(rhsTy, log, solver))
+    else if (isPending(rhsTy, ctx->solver))
     {
         return {std::nullopt, false, {rhsTy}, {}};
     }
@@ -430,28 +366,28 @@ TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId> addFamilyFn(std::vector<TypeId> typeParams, st
     // the necessary state to do that, even if we intend to just eat the errors.
     ErrorVec dummy;
 
-    std::optional<TypeId> addMm = findMetatableEntry(builtins, dummy, lhsTy, "__add", Location{});
+    std::optional<TypeId> mmType = findMetatableEntry(ctx->builtins, dummy, lhsTy, metamethod, Location{});
     bool reversed = false;
-    if (!addMm)
+    if (!mmType)
     {
-        addMm = findMetatableEntry(builtins, dummy, rhsTy, "__add", Location{});
+        mmType = findMetatableEntry(ctx->builtins, dummy, rhsTy, metamethod, Location{});
         reversed = true;
     }
 
-    if (!addMm)
+    if (!mmType)
         return {std::nullopt, true, {}, {}};
 
-    if (isPending(log->follow(*addMm), log, solver))
-        return {std::nullopt, false, {log->follow(*addMm)}, {}};
+    mmType = follow(*mmType);
+    if (isPending(*mmType, ctx->solver))
+        return {std::nullopt, false, {*mmType}, {}};
 
-    const FunctionType* mmFtv = log->get<FunctionType>(log->follow(*addMm));
+    const FunctionType* mmFtv = get<FunctionType>(*mmType);
     if (!mmFtv)
         return {std::nullopt, true, {}, {}};
 
-    TypeCheckLimits limits; // TODO: We need to thread TypeCheckLimits in from Frontend to here.
-    if (std::optional<TypeId> instantiatedAddMm = instantiate(builtins, arena, NotNull{&limits}, scope, log->follow(*addMm)))
+    if (std::optional<TypeId> instantiatedMmType = instantiate(ctx->builtins, ctx->arena, ctx->limits, ctx->scope, *mmType))
     {
-        if (const FunctionType* instantiatedMmFtv = get<FunctionType>(*instantiatedAddMm))
+        if (const FunctionType* instantiatedMmFtv = get<FunctionType>(*instantiatedMmType))
         {
             std::vector<TypeId> inferredArgs;
             if (!reversed)
@@ -459,22 +395,19 @@ TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId> addFamilyFn(std::vector<TypeId> typeParams, st
             else
                 inferredArgs = {rhsTy, lhsTy};
 
-            TypePackId inferredArgPack = arena->addTypePack(std::move(inferredArgs));
-            Unifier u{normalizer, scope, Location{}, Variance::Covariant, log.get()};
-            u.tryUnify(inferredArgPack, instantiatedMmFtv->argTypes);
+            TypePackId inferredArgPack = ctx->arena->addTypePack(std::move(inferredArgs));
+            Unifier2 u2{ctx->arena, ctx->builtins, ctx->scope, ctx->ice};
+            if (!u2.unify(inferredArgPack, instantiatedMmFtv->argTypes))
+                return {std::nullopt, true, {}, {}}; // occurs check failed
 
-            if (std::optional<TypeId> ret = first(instantiatedMmFtv->retTypes); ret && u.errors.empty())
-            {
-                return {u.log.follow(*ret), false, {}, {}};
-            }
+            if (std::optional<TypeId> ret = first(instantiatedMmFtv->retTypes))
+                return {*ret, false, {}, {}};
             else
-            {
                 return {std::nullopt, true, {}, {}};
-            }
         }
         else
         {
-            return {builtins->errorRecoveryType(), false, {}, {}};
+            return {ctx->builtins->errorRecoveryType(), false, {}, {}};
         }
     }
     else
@@ -484,9 +417,171 @@ TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId> addFamilyFn(std::vector<TypeId> typeParams, st
     }
 }
 
+TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId> addFamilyFn(std::vector<TypeId> typeParams, std::vector<TypePackId> packParams, NotNull<TypeFamilyContext> ctx)
+{
+    if (typeParams.size() != 2 || !packParams.empty())
+    {
+        ctx->ice->ice("add type family: encountered a type family instance without the required argument structure");
+        LUAU_ASSERT(false);
+    }
+
+    return numericBinopFamilyFn(typeParams, packParams, ctx, "__add");
+}
+
+TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId> subFamilyFn(std::vector<TypeId> typeParams, std::vector<TypePackId> packParams, NotNull<TypeFamilyContext> ctx)
+{
+    if (typeParams.size() != 2 || !packParams.empty())
+    {
+        ctx->ice->ice("sub type family: encountered a type family instance without the required argument structure");
+        LUAU_ASSERT(false);
+    }
+
+    return numericBinopFamilyFn(typeParams, packParams, ctx, "__sub");
+}
+
+TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId> mulFamilyFn(std::vector<TypeId> typeParams, std::vector<TypePackId> packParams, NotNull<TypeFamilyContext> ctx)
+{
+    if (typeParams.size() != 2 || !packParams.empty())
+    {
+        ctx->ice->ice("mul type family: encountered a type family instance without the required argument structure");
+        LUAU_ASSERT(false);
+    }
+
+    return numericBinopFamilyFn(typeParams, packParams, ctx, "__mul");
+}
+
+TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId> divFamilyFn(std::vector<TypeId> typeParams, std::vector<TypePackId> packParams, NotNull<TypeFamilyContext> ctx)
+{
+    if (typeParams.size() != 2 || !packParams.empty())
+    {
+        ctx->ice->ice("div type family: encountered a type family instance without the required argument structure");
+        LUAU_ASSERT(false);
+    }
+
+    return numericBinopFamilyFn(typeParams, packParams, ctx, "__div");
+}
+
+TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId> idivFamilyFn(std::vector<TypeId> typeParams, std::vector<TypePackId> packParams, NotNull<TypeFamilyContext> ctx)
+{
+    if (typeParams.size() != 2 || !packParams.empty())
+    {
+        ctx->ice->ice("integer div type family: encountered a type family instance without the required argument structure");
+        LUAU_ASSERT(false);
+    }
+
+    return numericBinopFamilyFn(typeParams, packParams, ctx, "__idiv");
+}
+
+TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId> powFamilyFn(std::vector<TypeId> typeParams, std::vector<TypePackId> packParams, NotNull<TypeFamilyContext> ctx)
+{
+    if (typeParams.size() != 2 || !packParams.empty())
+    {
+        ctx->ice->ice("pow type family: encountered a type family instance without the required argument structure");
+        LUAU_ASSERT(false);
+    }
+
+    return numericBinopFamilyFn(typeParams, packParams, ctx, "__pow");
+}
+
+TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId> modFamilyFn(std::vector<TypeId> typeParams, std::vector<TypePackId> packParams, NotNull<TypeFamilyContext> ctx)
+{
+    if (typeParams.size() != 2 || !packParams.empty())
+    {
+        ctx->ice->ice("modulo type family: encountered a type family instance without the required argument structure");
+        LUAU_ASSERT(false);
+    }
+
+    return numericBinopFamilyFn(typeParams, packParams, ctx, "__mod");
+}
+
+TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId> andFamilyFn(std::vector<TypeId> typeParams, std::vector<TypePackId> packParams, NotNull<TypeFamilyContext> ctx)
+{
+    if (typeParams.size() != 2 || !packParams.empty())
+    {
+        ctx->ice->ice("and type family: encountered a type family instance without the required argument structure");
+        LUAU_ASSERT(false);
+    }
+
+    TypeId lhsTy = follow(typeParams.at(0));
+    TypeId rhsTy = follow(typeParams.at(1));
+
+    if (isPending(lhsTy, ctx->solver))
+    {
+        return {std::nullopt, false, {lhsTy}, {}};
+    }
+    else if (isPending(rhsTy, ctx->solver))
+    {
+        return {std::nullopt, false, {rhsTy}, {}};
+    }
+
+    // And evalutes to a boolean if the LHS is falsey, and the RHS type if LHS is truthy.
+    SimplifyResult filteredLhs = simplifyIntersection(ctx->builtins, ctx->arena, lhsTy, ctx->builtins->falsyType);
+    SimplifyResult overallResult = simplifyUnion(ctx->builtins, ctx->arena, rhsTy, filteredLhs.result);
+    std::vector<TypeId> blockedTypes(filteredLhs.blockedTypes.begin(), filteredLhs.blockedTypes.end());
+    blockedTypes.insert(blockedTypes.end(), overallResult.blockedTypes.begin(), overallResult.blockedTypes.end());
+    return {overallResult.result, false, std::move(blockedTypes), {}};
+}
+
+TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId> orFamilyFn(std::vector<TypeId> typeParams, std::vector<TypePackId> packParams, NotNull<TypeFamilyContext> ctx)
+{
+    if (typeParams.size() != 2 || !packParams.empty())
+    {
+        ctx->ice->ice("or type family: encountered a type family instance without the required argument structure");
+        LUAU_ASSERT(false);
+    }
+
+    TypeId lhsTy = follow(typeParams.at(0));
+    TypeId rhsTy = follow(typeParams.at(1));
+
+    if (isPending(lhsTy, ctx->solver))
+    {
+        return {std::nullopt, false, {lhsTy}, {}};
+    }
+    else if (isPending(rhsTy, ctx->solver))
+    {
+        return {std::nullopt, false, {rhsTy}, {}};
+    }
+
+    // Or evalutes to the LHS type if the LHS is truthy, and the RHS type if LHS is falsy.
+    SimplifyResult filteredLhs = simplifyIntersection(ctx->builtins, ctx->arena, lhsTy, ctx->builtins->truthyType);
+    SimplifyResult overallResult = simplifyUnion(ctx->builtins, ctx->arena, rhsTy, filteredLhs.result);
+    std::vector<TypeId> blockedTypes(filteredLhs.blockedTypes.begin(), filteredLhs.blockedTypes.end());
+    blockedTypes.insert(blockedTypes.end(), overallResult.blockedTypes.begin(), overallResult.blockedTypes.end());
+    return {overallResult.result, false, std::move(blockedTypes), {}};
+}
+
 BuiltinTypeFamilies::BuiltinTypeFamilies()
     : addFamily{"Add", addFamilyFn}
+    , subFamily{"Sub", subFamilyFn}
+    , mulFamily{"Mul", mulFamilyFn}
+    , divFamily{"Div", divFamilyFn}
+    , idivFamily{"FloorDiv", idivFamilyFn}
+    , powFamily{"Exp", powFamilyFn}
+    , modFamily{"Mod", modFamilyFn}
+    , andFamily{"And", andFamilyFn}
+    , orFamily{"Or", orFamilyFn}
 {
 }
 
+void BuiltinTypeFamilies::addToScope(NotNull<TypeArena> arena, NotNull<Scope> scope) const
+{
+    // make a type function for a two-argument type family
+    auto mkBinaryTypeFamily = [&](const TypeFamily* family) {
+        TypeId t = arena->addType(GenericType{"T"});
+        TypeId u = arena->addType(GenericType{"U"});
+        GenericTypeDefinition genericT{t};
+        GenericTypeDefinition genericU{u};
+
+        return TypeFun{{genericT, genericU}, arena->addType(TypeFamilyInstanceType{NotNull{family}, {t, u}, {}})};
+    };
+
+    scope->exportedTypeBindings[addFamily.name] = mkBinaryTypeFamily(&addFamily);
+    scope->exportedTypeBindings[subFamily.name] = mkBinaryTypeFamily(&subFamily);
+    scope->exportedTypeBindings[mulFamily.name] = mkBinaryTypeFamily(&mulFamily);
+    scope->exportedTypeBindings[divFamily.name] = mkBinaryTypeFamily(&divFamily);
+    scope->exportedTypeBindings[idivFamily.name] = mkBinaryTypeFamily(&idivFamily);
+    scope->exportedTypeBindings[powFamily.name] = mkBinaryTypeFamily(&powFamily);
+    scope->exportedTypeBindings[modFamily.name] = mkBinaryTypeFamily(&modFamily);
+}
+
 } // namespace Luau
diff --git a/Analysis/src/Unifier.cpp b/Analysis/src/Unifier.cpp
index f454d948..223cd3df 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/Unifier.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/Unifier.cpp
@@ -454,17 +454,21 @@ void Unifier::tryUnify_(TypeId subTy, TypeId superTy, bool isFunctionCall, bool
 
     if (log.get<TypeFamilyInstanceType>(superTy))
     {
-        // We do not report errors from reducing here. This is because we will
-        // "double-report" errors in some cases, like when trying to unify
-        // identical type family instantiations like Add<false, false> with
-        // Add<false, false>.
-        reduceFamilies(superTy, location, NotNull(types), builtinTypes, scope, normalizer, &log);
+        // FIXME: we should be be ICEing here because the old unifier is legacy and should not interact with type families at all.
+        // Unfortunately, there are, at the time of writing, still uses of the old unifier under local type inference.
+        TypeCheckLimits limits;
+        reduceFamilies(
+            superTy, location, TypeFamilyContext{NotNull(types), builtinTypes, scope, normalizer, NotNull{sharedState.iceHandler}, NotNull{&limits}});
         superTy = log.follow(superTy);
     }
 
     if (log.get<TypeFamilyInstanceType>(subTy))
     {
-        reduceFamilies(subTy, location, NotNull(types), builtinTypes, scope, normalizer, &log);
+        // FIXME: we should be be ICEing here because the old unifier is legacy and should not interact with type families at all.
+        // Unfortunately, there are, at the time of writing, still uses of the old unifier under local type inference.
+        TypeCheckLimits limits;
+        reduceFamilies(
+            subTy, location, TypeFamilyContext{NotNull(types), builtinTypes, scope, normalizer, NotNull{sharedState.iceHandler}, NotNull{&limits}});
         subTy = log.follow(subTy);
     }
 
diff --git a/Analysis/src/Unifier2.cpp b/Analysis/src/Unifier2.cpp
index e9e13c2a..11f96ea1 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/Unifier2.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/Unifier2.cpp
@@ -154,6 +154,9 @@ bool Unifier2::unify(TypeId subTy, const FunctionType* superFn) {
     if (shouldInstantiate)
     {
         std::optional<TypeId> instantiated = instantiate(builtinTypes, arena, NotNull{&limits}, scope, subTy);
+        if (!instantiated)
+            return false;
+
         subFn = get<FunctionType>(*instantiated);
 
         LUAU_ASSERT(subFn); // instantiation should not make a function type _not_ a function type.
diff --git a/Ast/include/Luau/Ast.h b/Ast/include/Luau/Ast.h
index f3b5b149..3e55a91e 100644
--- a/Ast/include/Luau/Ast.h
+++ b/Ast/include/Luau/Ast.h
@@ -795,6 +795,11 @@ public:
         const AstArray<AstGenericTypePack>& genericPacks, const AstTypeList& params, const AstArray<AstArgumentName>& paramNames,
         const AstTypeList& retTypes);
 
+    AstStatDeclareFunction(const Location& location, const AstName& name, const AstArray<AstGenericType>& generics,
+        const AstArray<AstGenericTypePack>& genericPacks, const AstTypeList& params, const AstArray<AstArgumentName>& paramNames,
+        const AstTypeList& retTypes, bool checkedFunction);
+
+
     void visit(AstVisitor* visitor) override;
 
     AstName name;
@@ -803,6 +808,7 @@ public:
     AstTypeList params;
     AstArray<AstArgumentName> paramNames;
     AstTypeList retTypes;
+    bool checkedFunction;
 };
 
 struct AstDeclaredClassProp
@@ -903,6 +909,9 @@ public:
     AstTypeFunction(const Location& location, const AstArray<AstGenericType>& generics, const AstArray<AstGenericTypePack>& genericPacks,
         const AstTypeList& argTypes, const AstArray<std::optional<AstArgumentName>>& argNames, const AstTypeList& returnTypes);
 
+    AstTypeFunction(const Location& location, const AstArray<AstGenericType>& generics, const AstArray<AstGenericTypePack>& genericPacks,
+        const AstTypeList& argTypes, const AstArray<std::optional<AstArgumentName>>& argNames, const AstTypeList& returnTypes, bool checkedFunction);
+
     void visit(AstVisitor* visitor) override;
 
     AstArray<AstGenericType> generics;
@@ -910,6 +919,7 @@ public:
     AstTypeList argTypes;
     AstArray<std::optional<AstArgumentName>> argNames;
     AstTypeList returnTypes;
+    bool checkedFunction;
 };
 
 class AstTypeTypeof : public AstType
diff --git a/Ast/include/Luau/Lexer.h b/Ast/include/Luau/Lexer.h
index 7d15212a..e111030d 100644
--- a/Ast/include/Luau/Lexer.h
+++ b/Ast/include/Luau/Lexer.h
@@ -91,7 +91,6 @@ struct Lexeme
         BrokenComment,
         BrokenUnicode,
         BrokenInterpDoubleBrace,
-
         Error,
 
         Reserved_BEGIN,
@@ -116,6 +115,7 @@ struct Lexeme
         ReservedTrue,
         ReservedUntil,
         ReservedWhile,
+        ReservedChecked,
         Reserved_END
     };
 
diff --git a/Ast/include/Luau/Parser.h b/Ast/include/Luau/Parser.h
index 0b9d8c46..96e9639c 100644
--- a/Ast/include/Luau/Parser.h
+++ b/Ast/include/Luau/Parser.h
@@ -176,15 +176,16 @@ private:
 
     AstTableIndexer* parseTableIndexer();
 
-    AstTypeOrPack parseFunctionType(bool allowPack);
+    AstTypeOrPack parseFunctionType(bool allowPack, bool isCheckedFunction = false);
     AstType* parseFunctionTypeTail(const Lexeme& begin, AstArray<AstGenericType> generics, AstArray<AstGenericTypePack> genericPacks,
-        AstArray<AstType*> params, AstArray<std::optional<AstArgumentName>> paramNames, AstTypePack* varargAnnotation);
+        AstArray<AstType*> params, AstArray<std::optional<AstArgumentName>> paramNames, AstTypePack* varargAnnotation,
+        bool isCheckedFunction = false);
 
-    AstType* parseTableType();
-    AstTypeOrPack parseSimpleType(bool allowPack);
+    AstType* parseTableType(bool inDeclarationContext = false);
+    AstTypeOrPack parseSimpleType(bool allowPack, bool inDeclarationContext = false);
 
     AstTypeOrPack parseTypeOrPack();
-    AstType* parseType();
+    AstType* parseType(bool inDeclarationContext = false);
 
     AstTypePack* parseTypePack();
     AstTypePack* parseVariadicArgumentTypePack();
diff --git a/Ast/src/Ast.cpp b/Ast/src/Ast.cpp
index 52b77de3..ec5700dc 100644
--- a/Ast/src/Ast.cpp
+++ b/Ast/src/Ast.cpp
@@ -709,6 +709,21 @@ AstStatDeclareFunction::AstStatDeclareFunction(const Location& location, const A
     , params(params)
     , paramNames(paramNames)
     , retTypes(retTypes)
+    , checkedFunction(false)
+{
+}
+
+AstStatDeclareFunction::AstStatDeclareFunction(const Location& location, const AstName& name, const AstArray<AstGenericType>& generics,
+    const AstArray<AstGenericTypePack>& genericPacks, const AstTypeList& params, const AstArray<AstArgumentName>& paramNames,
+    const AstTypeList& retTypes, bool checkedFunction)
+    : AstStat(ClassIndex(), location)
+    , name(name)
+    , generics(generics)
+    , genericPacks(genericPacks)
+    , params(params)
+    , paramNames(paramNames)
+    , retTypes(retTypes)
+    , checkedFunction(checkedFunction)
 {
 }
 
@@ -817,6 +832,20 @@ AstTypeFunction::AstTypeFunction(const Location& location, const AstArray<AstGen
     , argTypes(argTypes)
     , argNames(argNames)
     , returnTypes(returnTypes)
+    , checkedFunction(false)
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(argNames.size == 0 || argNames.size == argTypes.types.size);
+}
+
+AstTypeFunction::AstTypeFunction(const Location& location, const AstArray<AstGenericType>& generics, const AstArray<AstGenericTypePack>& genericPacks,
+    const AstTypeList& argTypes, const AstArray<std::optional<AstArgumentName>>& argNames, const AstTypeList& returnTypes, bool checkedFunction)
+    : AstType(ClassIndex(), location)
+    , generics(generics)
+    , genericPacks(genericPacks)
+    , argTypes(argTypes)
+    , argNames(argNames)
+    , returnTypes(returnTypes)
+    , checkedFunction(checkedFunction)
 {
     LUAU_ASSERT(argNames.size == 0 || argNames.size == argTypes.types.size);
 }
diff --git a/Ast/src/Lexer.cpp b/Ast/src/Lexer.cpp
index 1795243c..a493acfe 100644
--- a/Ast/src/Lexer.cpp
+++ b/Ast/src/Lexer.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
 #include "Luau/Lexer.h"
 
+#include "Luau/Common.h"
 #include "Luau/Confusables.h"
 #include "Luau/StringUtils.h"
 
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@
 
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauFloorDivision, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauLexerLookaheadRemembersBraceType, false)
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauCheckedFunctionSyntax, false)
 
 namespace Luau
 {
@@ -106,7 +108,7 @@ Lexeme::Lexeme(const Location& location, Type type, const char* name)
 }
 
 static const char* kReserved[] = {"and", "break", "do", "else", "elseif", "end", "false", "for", "function", "if", "in", "local", "nil", "not", "or",
-    "repeat", "return", "then", "true", "until", "while"};
+    "repeat", "return", "then", "true", "until", "while", "@checked"};
 
 std::string Lexeme::toString() const
 {
@@ -709,7 +711,7 @@ Lexeme Lexer::readNumber(const Position& start, unsigned int startOffset)
 
 std::pair<AstName, Lexeme::Type> Lexer::readName()
 {
-    LUAU_ASSERT(isAlpha(peekch()) || peekch() == '_');
+    LUAU_ASSERT(isAlpha(peekch()) || peekch() == '_' || peekch() == '@');
 
     unsigned int startOffset = offset;
 
@@ -1007,7 +1009,20 @@ Lexeme Lexer::readNext()
 
         return Lexeme(Location(start, 1), ch);
     }
+    case '@':
+    {
+        if (FFlag::LuauCheckedFunctionSyntax)
+        {
+            // We're trying to lex the token @checked
+            LUAU_ASSERT(peekch() == '@');
 
+            std::pair<AstName, Lexeme::Type> maybeChecked = readName();
+            if (maybeChecked.second != Lexeme::ReservedChecked)
+                return Lexeme(Location(start, position()), Lexeme::Error);
+
+            return Lexeme(Location(start, position()), maybeChecked.second, maybeChecked.first.value);
+        }
+    }
     default:
         if (isDigit(peekch()))
         {
diff --git a/Ast/src/Parser.cpp b/Ast/src/Parser.cpp
index d59b6b40..dfb0a540 100644
--- a/Ast/src/Parser.cpp
+++ b/Ast/src/Parser.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // This file is part of the Luau programming language and is licensed under MIT License; see LICENSE.txt for details
 #include "Luau/Parser.h"
 
+#include "Luau/Common.h"
 #include "Luau/TimeTrace.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauRecursionLimit, 1000)
 LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauParseErrorLimit, 100)
 LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauParseDeclareClassIndexer, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauFloorDivision)
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauCheckedFunctionSyntax)
 
 namespace Luau
 {
@@ -823,8 +825,14 @@ AstStat* Parser::parseDeclaration(const Location& start)
     if (lexer.current().type == Lexeme::ReservedFunction)
     {
         nextLexeme();
-        Name globalName = parseName("global function name");
+        bool checkedFunction = false;
+        if (FFlag::LuauCheckedFunctionSyntax && lexer.current().type == Lexeme::ReservedChecked)
+        {
+            checkedFunction = true;
+            nextLexeme();
+        }
 
+        Name globalName = parseName("global function name");
         auto [generics, genericPacks] = parseGenericTypeList(/* withDefaultValues= */ false);
 
         MatchLexeme matchParen = lexer.current();
@@ -860,8 +868,8 @@ AstStat* Parser::parseDeclaration(const Location& start)
         if (vararg && !varargAnnotation)
             return reportStatError(Location(start, end), {}, {}, "All declaration parameters must be annotated");
 
-        return allocator.alloc<AstStatDeclareFunction>(
-            Location(start, end), globalName.name, generics, genericPacks, AstTypeList{copy(vars), varargAnnotation}, copy(varNames), retTypes);
+        return allocator.alloc<AstStatDeclareFunction>(Location(start, end), globalName.name, generics, genericPacks,
+            AstTypeList{copy(vars), varargAnnotation}, copy(varNames), retTypes, checkedFunction);
     }
     else if (AstName(lexer.current().name) == "class")
     {
@@ -940,7 +948,7 @@ AstStat* Parser::parseDeclaration(const Location& start)
     {
         expectAndConsume(':', "global variable declaration");
 
-        AstType* type = parseType();
+        AstType* type = parseType(/* in declaration context */ true);
         return allocator.alloc<AstStatDeclareGlobal>(Location(start, type->location), globalName->name, type);
     }
     else
@@ -1302,7 +1310,7 @@ AstTableIndexer* Parser::parseTableIndexer()
 // TablePropOrIndexer ::= TableProp | TableIndexer
 // PropList ::= TablePropOrIndexer {fieldsep TablePropOrIndexer} [fieldsep]
 // TableType ::= `{' PropList `}'
-AstType* Parser::parseTableType()
+AstType* Parser::parseTableType(bool inDeclarationContext)
 {
     incrementRecursionCounter("type annotation");
 
@@ -1370,7 +1378,7 @@ AstType* Parser::parseTableType()
 
             expectAndConsume(':', "table field");
 
-            AstType* type = parseType();
+            AstType* type = parseType(inDeclarationContext);
 
             props.push_back({name->name, name->location, type});
         }
@@ -1396,7 +1404,7 @@ AstType* Parser::parseTableType()
 
 // ReturnType ::= Type | `(' TypeList `)'
 // FunctionType ::= [`<' varlist `>'] `(' [TypeList] `)' `->` ReturnType
-AstTypeOrPack Parser::parseFunctionType(bool allowPack)
+AstTypeOrPack Parser::parseFunctionType(bool allowPack, bool isCheckedFunction)
 {
     incrementRecursionCounter("type annotation");
 
@@ -1444,11 +1452,11 @@ AstTypeOrPack Parser::parseFunctionType(bool allowPack)
 
     AstArray<std::optional<AstArgumentName>> paramNames = copy(names);
 
-    return {parseFunctionTypeTail(begin, generics, genericPacks, paramTypes, paramNames, varargAnnotation), {}};
+    return {parseFunctionTypeTail(begin, generics, genericPacks, paramTypes, paramNames, varargAnnotation, isCheckedFunction), {}};
 }
 
 AstType* Parser::parseFunctionTypeTail(const Lexeme& begin, AstArray<AstGenericType> generics, AstArray<AstGenericTypePack> genericPacks,
-    AstArray<AstType*> params, AstArray<std::optional<AstArgumentName>> paramNames, AstTypePack* varargAnnotation)
+    AstArray<AstType*> params, AstArray<std::optional<AstArgumentName>> paramNames, AstTypePack* varargAnnotation, bool isCheckedFunction)
 {
     incrementRecursionCounter("type annotation");
 
@@ -1472,7 +1480,8 @@ AstType* Parser::parseFunctionTypeTail(const Lexeme& begin, AstArray<AstGenericT
     auto [endLocation, returnTypeList] = parseReturnType();
 
     AstTypeList paramTypes = AstTypeList{params, varargAnnotation};
-    return allocator.alloc<AstTypeFunction>(Location(begin.location, endLocation), generics, genericPacks, paramTypes, paramNames, returnTypeList);
+    return allocator.alloc<AstTypeFunction>(
+        Location(begin.location, endLocation), generics, genericPacks, paramTypes, paramNames, returnTypeList, isCheckedFunction);
 }
 
 // Type ::=
@@ -1565,14 +1574,14 @@ AstTypeOrPack Parser::parseTypeOrPack()
     return {parseTypeSuffix(type, begin), {}};
 }
 
-AstType* Parser::parseType()
+AstType* Parser::parseType(bool inDeclarationContext)
 {
     unsigned int oldRecursionCount = recursionCounter;
     incrementRecursionCounter("type annotation");
 
     Location begin = lexer.current().location;
 
-    AstType* type = parseSimpleType(/* allowPack= */ false).type;
+    AstType* type = parseSimpleType(/* allowPack= */ false, /* in declaration context */ inDeclarationContext).type;
 
     recursionCounter = oldRecursionCount;
 
@@ -1581,7 +1590,7 @@ AstType* Parser::parseType()
 
 // Type ::= nil | Name[`.' Name] [ `<' Type [`,' ...] `>' ] | `typeof' `(' expr `)' | `{' [PropList] `}'
 //   | [`<' varlist `>'] `(' [TypeList] `)' `->` ReturnType
-AstTypeOrPack Parser::parseSimpleType(bool allowPack)
+AstTypeOrPack Parser::parseSimpleType(bool allowPack, bool inDeclarationContext)
 {
     incrementRecursionCounter("type annotation");
 
@@ -1673,7 +1682,13 @@ AstTypeOrPack Parser::parseSimpleType(bool allowPack)
     }
     else if (lexer.current().type == '{')
     {
-        return {parseTableType(), {}};
+        return {parseTableType(/* inDeclarationContext */ inDeclarationContext), {}};
+    }
+    else if (FFlag::LuauCheckedFunctionSyntax && inDeclarationContext && lexer.current().type == Lexeme::ReservedChecked)
+    {
+        LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauCheckedFunctionSyntax);
+        nextLexeme();
+        return parseFunctionType(allowPack, /* isCheckedFunction */ true);
     }
     else if (lexer.current().type == '(' || lexer.current().type == '<')
     {
diff --git a/CLI/Compile.cpp b/CLI/Compile.cpp
index c35f9c3d..2059deaf 100644
--- a/CLI/Compile.cpp
+++ b/CLI/Compile.cpp
@@ -369,10 +369,9 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
             stats.bytecode == 0 ? 0.0 : double(stats.codegen) / double(stats.bytecode), stats.readTime, stats.parseTime, stats.compileTime,
             stats.codegenTime);
 
-        printf("Lowering stats:\n");
-        printf("- spills to stack: %d, spills to restore: %d, max spill slot %u\n", stats.lowerStats.spillsToSlot, stats.lowerStats.spillsToRestore,
+        printf("Lowering: regalloc failed: %d, lowering failed %d; spills to stack: %d, spills to restore: %d, max spill slot %u\n",
+            stats.lowerStats.regAllocErrors, stats.lowerStats.loweringErrors, stats.lowerStats.spillsToSlot, stats.lowerStats.spillsToRestore,
             stats.lowerStats.maxSpillSlotsUsed);
-        printf("- regalloc failed: %d, lowering failed %d\n", stats.lowerStats.regAllocErrors, stats.lowerStats.loweringErrors);
     }
 
     return failed ? 1 : 0;
diff --git a/CodeGen/include/Luau/AssemblyBuilderX64.h b/CodeGen/include/Luau/AssemblyBuilderX64.h
index aea01eec..6bf5ad3d 100644
--- a/CodeGen/include/Luau/AssemblyBuilderX64.h
+++ b/CodeGen/include/Luau/AssemblyBuilderX64.h
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ public:
     void test(OperandX64 lhs, OperandX64 rhs);
     void lea(OperandX64 lhs, OperandX64 rhs);
     void setcc(ConditionX64 cond, OperandX64 op);
+    void cmov(ConditionX64 cond, RegisterX64 lhs, OperandX64 rhs);
 
     void push(OperandX64 op);
     void pop(OperandX64 op);
diff --git a/CodeGen/include/Luau/CodeGen.h b/CodeGen/include/Luau/CodeGen.h
index 031779f7..04a65e36 100644
--- a/CodeGen/include/Luau/CodeGen.h
+++ b/CodeGen/include/Luau/CodeGen.h
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ enum CodeGenFlags
 {
     // Only run native codegen for modules that have been marked with --!native
     CodeGen_OnlyNativeModules = 1 << 0,
+    // Run native codegen for functions that the compiler considers not profitable
+    CodeGen_ColdFunctions = 1 << 1,
 };
 
 enum class CodeGenCompilationResult
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/AssemblyBuilderX64.cpp b/CodeGen/src/AssemblyBuilderX64.cpp
index bd2568d2..8abccac7 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/AssemblyBuilderX64.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/AssemblyBuilderX64.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ static const char* setccTextForCondition[] = {"seto", "setno", "setc", "setnc",
     "setge", "setnb", "setnbe", "setna", "setnae", "setne", "setnl", "setnle", "setng", "setnge", "setz", "setnz", "setp", "setnp"};
 static_assert(sizeof(setccTextForCondition) / sizeof(setccTextForCondition[0]) == size_t(ConditionX64::Count), "all conditions have to be covered");
 
+static const char* cmovTextForCondition[] = {"cmovo", "cmovno", "cmovc", "cmovnc", "cmovb", "cmovbe", "cmova", "cmovae", "cmove", "cmovl", "cmovle",
+    "cmovg", "cmovge", "cmovnb", "cmovnbe", "cmovna", "cmovnae", "cmovne", "cmovnl", "cmovnle", "cmovng", "cmovnge", "cmovz", "cmovnz", "cmovp",
+    "cmovnp"};
+static_assert(sizeof(cmovTextForCondition) / sizeof(cmovTextForCondition[0]) == size_t(ConditionX64::Count), "all conditions have to be covered");
+
 #define OP_PLUS_REG(op, reg) ((op) + (reg & 0x7))
 #define OP_PLUS_CC(op, cc) ((op) + uint8_t(cc))
 
@@ -404,6 +409,20 @@ void AssemblyBuilderX64::setcc(ConditionX64 cond, OperandX64 op)
     commit();
 }
 
+void AssemblyBuilderX64::cmov(ConditionX64 cond, RegisterX64 lhs, OperandX64 rhs)
+{
+    SizeX64 size = rhs.cat == CategoryX64::reg ? rhs.base.size : rhs.memSize;
+    LUAU_ASSERT(size != SizeX64::byte && size == lhs.size);
+
+    if (logText)
+        log(cmovTextForCondition[size_t(cond)], lhs, rhs);
+    placeRex(lhs, rhs);
+    place(0x0f);
+    place(0x40 | codeForCondition[size_t(cond)]);
+    placeRegAndModRegMem(lhs, rhs);
+    commit();
+}
+
 void AssemblyBuilderX64::jcc(ConditionX64 cond, Label& label)
 {
     placeJcc(jccTextForCondition[size_t(cond)], label, codeForCondition[size_t(cond)]);
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/CodeGen.cpp b/CodeGen/src/CodeGen.cpp
index a25e1046..274b583d 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/CodeGen.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/CodeGen.cpp
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ CodeGenCompilationResult compile(lua_State* L, int idx, unsigned int flags, Comp
         return CodeGenCompilationResult::CodeGenNotInitialized;
 
     std::vector<Proto*> protos;
-    gatherFunctions(protos, root);
+    gatherFunctions(protos, root, flags);
 
     // Skip protos that have been compiled during previous invocations of CodeGen::compile
     protos.erase(std::remove_if(protos.begin(), protos.end(),
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/CodeGenA64.cpp b/CodeGen/src/CodeGenA64.cpp
index 2e268d26..37ee462b 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/CodeGenA64.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/CodeGenA64.cpp
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include "Luau/UnwindBuilder.h"
 
 #include "BitUtils.h"
+#include "CodeGenUtils.h"
 #include "NativeState.h"
 #include "EmitCommonA64.h"
 
@@ -96,42 +97,27 @@ static void emitInterrupt(AssemblyBuilderA64& build)
     build.br(x0);
 }
 
-static void emitReentry(AssemblyBuilderA64& build, ModuleHelpers& helpers)
+static void emitContinueCall(AssemblyBuilderA64& build, ModuleHelpers& helpers)
 {
     // x0 = closure object to reentry (equal to clvalue(L->ci->func))
 
-    // If the fallback requested an exit, we need to do this right away
-    build.cbz(x0, helpers.exitNoContinueVm);
-
-    emitUpdateBase(build);
+    // If the fallback yielded, we need to do this right away
+    // note: it's slightly cheaper to check x0 LSB; a valid Closure pointer must be aligned to 8 bytes
+    LUAU_ASSERT(CALL_FALLBACK_YIELD == 1);
+    build.tbnz(x0, 0, helpers.exitNoContinueVm);
 
     // Need to update state of the current function before we jump away
     build.ldr(x1, mem(x0, offsetof(Closure, l.p))); // cl->l.p aka proto
 
-    build.ldr(x2, mem(rState, offsetof(lua_State, ci))); // L->ci
-
-    // We need to check if the new frame can be executed natively
-    // TODO: .flags and .savedpc load below can be fused with ldp
-    build.ldr(w3, mem(x2, offsetof(CallInfo, flags)));
-    build.tbz(x3, countrz(LUA_CALLINFO_NATIVE), helpers.exitContinueVm);
+    build.ldr(x2, mem(x1, offsetof(Proto, exectarget)));
+    build.cbz(x2, helpers.exitContinueVm);
 
     build.mov(rClosure, x0);
 
     LUAU_ASSERT(offsetof(Proto, code) == offsetof(Proto, k) + 8);
     build.ldp(rConstants, rCode, mem(x1, offsetof(Proto, k))); // proto->k, proto->code
 
-    // Get instruction index from instruction pointer
-    // To get instruction index from instruction pointer, we need to divide byte offset by 4
-    // But we will actually need to scale instruction index by 4 back to byte offset later so it cancels out
-    build.ldr(x2, mem(x2, offsetof(CallInfo, savedpc))); // L->ci->savedpc
-    build.sub(x2, x2, rCode);
-
-    // Get new instruction location and jump to it
-    LUAU_ASSERT(offsetof(Proto, exectarget) == offsetof(Proto, execdata) + 8);
-    build.ldp(x3, x4, mem(x1, offsetof(Proto, execdata)));
-    build.ldr(w2, mem(x3, x2));
-    build.add(x4, x4, x2);
-    build.br(x4);
+    build.br(x2);
 }
 
 void emitReturn(AssemblyBuilderA64& build, ModuleHelpers& helpers)
@@ -326,11 +312,6 @@ void assembleHelpers(AssemblyBuilderA64& build, ModuleHelpers& helpers)
     build.setLabel(helpers.exitNoContinueVm);
     emitExit(build, /* continueInVm */ false);
 
-    if (build.logText)
-        build.logAppend("; reentry\n");
-    build.setLabel(helpers.reentry);
-    emitReentry(build, helpers);
-
     if (build.logText)
         build.logAppend("; interrupt\n");
     build.setLabel(helpers.interrupt);
@@ -340,6 +321,11 @@ void assembleHelpers(AssemblyBuilderA64& build, ModuleHelpers& helpers)
         build.logAppend("; return\n");
     build.setLabel(helpers.return_);
     emitReturn(build, helpers);
+
+    if (build.logText)
+        build.logAppend("; continueCall\n");
+    build.setLabel(helpers.continueCall);
+    emitContinueCall(build, helpers);
 }
 
 } // namespace A64
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/CodeGenAssembly.cpp b/CodeGen/src/CodeGenAssembly.cpp
index 4fd24cd9..d55713f0 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/CodeGenAssembly.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/CodeGenAssembly.cpp
@@ -46,7 +46,15 @@ template<typename AssemblyBuilder>
 static std::string getAssemblyImpl(AssemblyBuilder& build, const TValue* func, AssemblyOptions options, LoweringStats* stats)
 {
     std::vector<Proto*> protos;
-    gatherFunctions(protos, clvalue(func)->l.p);
+    gatherFunctions(protos, clvalue(func)->l.p, /* flags= */ 0);
+
+    protos.erase(std::remove_if(protos.begin(), protos.end(), [](Proto* p) { return p == nullptr; }), protos.end());
+
+    if (protos.empty())
+    {
+        build.finalize(); // to avoid assertion in AssemblyBuilder dtor
+        return std::string();
+    }
 
     ModuleHelpers helpers;
     assembleHelpers(build, helpers);
@@ -58,24 +66,23 @@ static std::string getAssemblyImpl(AssemblyBuilder& build, const TValue* func, A
     }
 
     for (Proto* p : protos)
-        if (p)
+    {
+        IrBuilder ir;
+        ir.buildFunctionIr(p);
+
+        if (options.includeAssembly || options.includeIr)
+            logFunctionHeader(build, p);
+
+        if (!lowerFunction(ir, build, helpers, p, options, stats))
         {
-            IrBuilder ir;
-            ir.buildFunctionIr(p);
-
-            if (options.includeAssembly || options.includeIr)
-                logFunctionHeader(build, p);
-
-            if (!lowerFunction(ir, build, helpers, p, options, stats))
-            {
-                if (build.logText)
-                    build.logAppend("; skipping (can't lower)\n");
-            }
-
             if (build.logText)
-                build.logAppend("\n");
+                build.logAppend("; skipping (can't lower)\n");
         }
 
+        if (build.logText)
+            build.logAppend("\n");
+    }
+
     if (!build.finalize())
         return std::string();
 
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/CodeGenLower.h b/CodeGen/src/CodeGenLower.h
index 9b729a92..e8eaa502 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/CodeGenLower.h
+++ b/CodeGen/src/CodeGenLower.h
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ namespace Luau
 namespace CodeGen
 {
 
-inline void gatherFunctions(std::vector<Proto*>& results, Proto* proto)
+inline void gatherFunctions(std::vector<Proto*>& results, Proto* proto, unsigned int flags)
 {
     if (results.size() <= size_t(proto->bytecodeid))
         results.resize(proto->bytecodeid + 1);
@@ -38,10 +38,13 @@ inline void gatherFunctions(std::vector<Proto*>& results, Proto* proto)
     if (results[proto->bytecodeid])
         return;
 
-    results[proto->bytecodeid] = proto;
+    // Only compile cold functions if requested
+    if ((proto->flags & LPF_NATIVE_COLD) == 0 || (flags & CodeGen_ColdFunctions) != 0)
+        results[proto->bytecodeid] = proto;
 
+    // Recursively traverse child protos even if we aren't compiling this one
     for (int i = 0; i < proto->sizep; i++)
-        gatherFunctions(results, proto->p[i]);
+        gatherFunctions(results, proto->p[i], flags);
 }
 
 template<typename AssemblyBuilder, typename IrLowering>
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/CodeGenUtils.cpp b/CodeGen/src/CodeGenUtils.cpp
index c7f24c80..3cdd20b3 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/CodeGenUtils.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/CodeGenUtils.cpp
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ Closure* callFallback(lua_State* L, StkId ra, StkId argtop, int nresults)
 
         // yield
         if (n < 0)
-            return NULL;
+            return (Closure*)CALL_FALLBACK_YIELD;
 
         // ci is our callinfo, cip is our parent
         CallInfo* ci = L->ci;
@@ -299,8 +299,7 @@ Closure* callFallback(lua_State* L, StkId ra, StkId argtop, int nresults)
         L->top = (nresults == LUA_MULTRET) ? res : cip->top;
 
         // keep executing current function
-        LUAU_ASSERT(isLua(cip));
-        return clvalue(cip->func);
+        return NULL;
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/CodeGenUtils.h b/CodeGen/src/CodeGenUtils.h
index 15b794d2..7075e348 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/CodeGenUtils.h
+++ b/CodeGen/src/CodeGenUtils.h
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ void forgPrepXnextFallback(lua_State* L, TValue* ra, int pc);
 Closure* callProlog(lua_State* L, TValue* ra, StkId argtop, int nresults);
 void callEpilogC(lua_State* L, int nresults, int n);
 
+#define CALL_FALLBACK_YIELD 1
+
 Closure* callFallback(lua_State* L, StkId ra, StkId argtop, int nresults);
 
 const Instruction* executeGETGLOBAL(lua_State* L, const Instruction* pc, StkId base, TValue* k);
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/CodeGenX64.cpp b/CodeGen/src/CodeGenX64.cpp
index a8cf2e73..b7f70258 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/CodeGenX64.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/CodeGenX64.cpp
@@ -240,11 +240,6 @@ void assembleHelpers(X64::AssemblyBuilderX64& build, ModuleHelpers& helpers)
     build.setLabel(helpers.exitNoContinueVm);
     emitExit(build, /* continueInVm */ false);
 
-    if (build.logText)
-        build.logAppend("; continueCallInVm\n");
-    build.setLabel(helpers.continueCallInVm);
-    emitContinueCallInVm(build);
-
     if (build.logText)
         build.logAppend("; interrupt\n");
     build.setLabel(helpers.interrupt);
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/EmitCommon.h b/CodeGen/src/EmitCommon.h
index 8ac746ee..013ba88f 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/EmitCommon.h
+++ b/CodeGen/src/EmitCommon.h
@@ -29,11 +29,8 @@ struct ModuleHelpers
     Label return_;
     Label interrupt;
 
-    // X64
-    Label continueCallInVm;
-
     // A64
-    Label reentry; // x0: closure
+    Label continueCall; // x0: closure
 };
 
 } // namespace CodeGen
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/EmitCommonX64.cpp b/CodeGen/src/EmitCommonX64.cpp
index 97749fbe..008dadd5 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/EmitCommonX64.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/EmitCommonX64.cpp
@@ -378,17 +378,6 @@ void emitUpdatePcForExit(AssemblyBuilderX64& build)
     build.mov(qword[rax + offsetof(CallInfo, savedpc)], rdx);
 }
 
-void emitContinueCallInVm(AssemblyBuilderX64& build)
-{
-    RegisterX64 proto = rcx; // Sync with emitInstCall
-
-    build.mov(rdx, qword[proto + offsetof(Proto, code)]);
-    build.mov(rax, qword[rState + offsetof(lua_State, ci)]);
-    build.mov(qword[rax + offsetof(CallInfo, savedpc)], rdx);
-
-    emitExit(build, /* continueInVm */ true);
-}
-
 void emitReturn(AssemblyBuilderX64& build, ModuleHelpers& helpers)
 {
     // input: res in rdi, number of written values in ecx
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/EmitCommonX64.h b/CodeGen/src/EmitCommonX64.h
index 3d9a59ff..3418a09f 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/EmitCommonX64.h
+++ b/CodeGen/src/EmitCommonX64.h
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ constexpr RegisterX64 rNativeContext = r13; // NativeContext* context
 constexpr RegisterX64 rConstants = r12;     // TValue* k
 
 constexpr unsigned kExtraLocals = 3; // Number of 8 byte slots available for specialized local variables specified below
-constexpr unsigned kSpillSlots = 5;  // Number of 8 byte slots available for register allocator to spill data into
+constexpr unsigned kSpillSlots = 13; // Number of 8 byte slots available for register allocator to spill data into
 static_assert((kExtraLocals + kSpillSlots) * 8 % 16 == 0, "locals have to preserve 16 byte alignment");
 
 constexpr uint8_t kWindowsFirstNonVolXmmReg = 6;
@@ -216,7 +216,6 @@ void emitInterrupt(AssemblyBuilderX64& build);
 void emitFallback(IrRegAllocX64& regs, AssemblyBuilderX64& build, int offset, int pcpos);
 
 void emitUpdatePcForExit(AssemblyBuilderX64& build);
-void emitContinueCallInVm(AssemblyBuilderX64& build);
 
 void emitReturn(AssemblyBuilderX64& build, ModuleHelpers& helpers);
 
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/EmitInstructionX64.cpp b/CodeGen/src/EmitInstructionX64.cpp
index bccdc8f0..13be20b9 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/EmitInstructionX64.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/EmitInstructionX64.cpp
@@ -79,36 +79,34 @@ void emitInstCall(AssemblyBuilderX64& build, ModuleHelpers& helpers, int ra, int
 
         // Set L->top to ci->top as most function expect (no vararg)
         build.mov(rax, qword[ci + offsetof(CallInfo, top)]);
-        build.mov(qword[rState + offsetof(lua_State, top)], rax);
 
         // But if it is vararg, update it to 'argi'
         Label skipVararg;
 
         build.test(byte[proto + offsetof(Proto, is_vararg)], 1);
         build.jcc(ConditionX64::Zero, skipVararg);
+        build.mov(rax, argi);
 
-        build.mov(qword[rState + offsetof(lua_State, top)], argi);
         build.setLabel(skipVararg);
 
-        // Keep executing new function
+        build.mov(qword[rState + offsetof(lua_State, top)], rax);
+
+        // Switch current code
         // ci->savedpc = p->code;
         build.mov(rax, qword[proto + offsetof(Proto, code)]);
+        build.mov(sCode, rax); // note: this needs to be before the next store for optimal performance
         build.mov(qword[ci + offsetof(CallInfo, savedpc)], rax);
 
-        // Get native function entry
-        build.mov(rax, qword[proto + offsetof(Proto, exectarget)]);
-        build.test(rax, rax);
-        build.jcc(ConditionX64::Zero, helpers.continueCallInVm);
-
-        // Mark call frame as native
-        build.mov(dword[ci + offsetof(CallInfo, flags)], LUA_CALLINFO_NATIVE);
-
         // Switch current constants
         build.mov(rConstants, qword[proto + offsetof(Proto, k)]);
 
-        // Switch current code
-        build.mov(rdx, qword[proto + offsetof(Proto, code)]);
-        build.mov(sCode, rdx);
+        // Get native function entry
+        build.mov(rax, qword[proto + offsetof(Proto, exectarget)]);
+        build.test(rax, rax);
+        build.jcc(ConditionX64::Zero, helpers.exitContinueVm);
+
+        // Mark call frame as native
+        build.mov(dword[ci + offsetof(CallInfo, flags)], LUA_CALLINFO_NATIVE);
 
         build.jmp(rax);
     }
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/IrBuilder.cpp b/CodeGen/src/IrBuilder.cpp
index 1aca2993..40aee13a 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/IrBuilder.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/IrBuilder.cpp
@@ -146,6 +146,11 @@ void IrBuilder::buildFunctionIr(Proto* proto)
         if (instIndexToBlock[i] != kNoAssociatedBlockIndex)
             beginBlock(blockAtInst(i));
 
+        // Numeric for loops require additional processing to maintain loop stack
+        // Notably, this must be performed even when the block is dead so that we maintain the pairing FORNPREP-FORNLOOP
+        if (op == LOP_FORNPREP)
+            beforeInstForNPrep(*this, pc);
+
         // We skip dead bytecode instructions when they appear after block was already terminated
         if (!inTerminatedBlock)
         {
@@ -164,6 +169,10 @@ void IrBuilder::buildFunctionIr(Proto* proto)
             }
         }
 
+        // See above for FORNPREP..FORNLOOP processing
+        if (op == LOP_FORNLOOP)
+            afterInstForNLoop(*this, pc);
+
         i = nexti;
         LUAU_ASSERT(i <= proto->sizecode);
 
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/IrLoweringA64.cpp b/CodeGen/src/IrLoweringA64.cpp
index 6e51b0d5..68378caa 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/IrLoweringA64.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/IrLoweringA64.cpp
@@ -1515,8 +1515,10 @@ void IrLoweringA64::lowerInst(IrInst& inst, uint32_t index, const IrBlock& next)
         build.ldr(x4, mem(rNativeContext, offsetof(NativeContext, callFallback)));
         build.blr(x4);
 
-        // reentry with x0=closure (NULL will trigger exit)
-        build.b(helpers.reentry);
+        emitUpdateBase(build);
+
+        // reentry with x0=closure (NULL implies C function; CALL_FALLBACK_YIELD will trigger exit)
+        build.cbnz(x0, helpers.continueCall);
         break;
     case IrCmd::RETURN:
         regs.spill(build, index);
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/IrRegAllocA64.cpp b/CodeGen/src/IrRegAllocA64.cpp
index d2b7ff14..41f392c5 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/IrRegAllocA64.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/IrRegAllocA64.cpp
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 #include <string.h>
 
-LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(DebugLuauCodegenChaosA64, false)
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(DebugCodegenChaosA64, false)
 
 namespace Luau
 {
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ RegisterA64 IrRegAllocA64::allocReg(KindA64 kind, uint32_t index)
 
     int reg = 31 - countlz(set.free);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauCodegenChaosA64)
+    if (FFlag::DebugCodegenChaosA64)
         reg = countrz(set.free); // allocate from low end; this causes extra conflicts for calls
 
     set.free &= ~(1u << reg);
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ RegisterA64 IrRegAllocA64::allocTemp(KindA64 kind)
 
     int reg = 31 - countlz(set.free);
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauCodegenChaosA64)
+    if (FFlag::DebugCodegenChaosA64)
         reg = countrz(set.free); // allocate from low end; this causes extra conflicts for calls
 
     set.free &= ~(1u << reg);
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ size_t IrRegAllocA64::spill(AssemblyBuilderA64& build, uint32_t index, std::init
     uint32_t poisongpr = 0;
     uint32_t poisonsimd = 0;
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauCodegenChaosA64)
+    if (FFlag::DebugCodegenChaosA64)
     {
         poisongpr = gpr.base & ~gpr.free;
         poisonsimd = simd.base & ~simd.free;
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ size_t IrRegAllocA64::spill(AssemblyBuilderA64& build, uint32_t index, std::init
         LUAU_ASSERT(set.free == set.base);
     }
 
-    if (FFlag::DebugLuauCodegenChaosA64)
+    if (FFlag::DebugCodegenChaosA64)
     {
         for (int reg = 0; reg < 32; ++reg)
         {
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/IrTranslateBuiltins.cpp b/CodeGen/src/IrTranslateBuiltins.cpp
index 279eabea..2a4fd93f 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/IrTranslateBuiltins.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/IrTranslateBuiltins.cpp
@@ -83,6 +83,9 @@ static BuiltinImplResult translateBuiltin2NumberToNumberLibm(
     IrOp va = builtinLoadDouble(build, build.vmReg(arg));
     IrOp vb = builtinLoadDouble(build, args);
 
+    if (bfid == LBF_MATH_LDEXP)
+        vb = build.inst(IrCmd::NUM_TO_INT, vb);
+
     IrOp res = build.inst(IrCmd::INVOKE_LIBM, build.constUint(bfid), va, vb);
 
     build.inst(IrCmd::STORE_DOUBLE, build.vmReg(ra), res);
@@ -93,30 +96,6 @@ static BuiltinImplResult translateBuiltin2NumberToNumberLibm(
     return {BuiltinImplType::Full, 1};
 }
 
-static BuiltinImplResult translateBuiltinMathLdexp(
-    IrBuilder& build, LuauBuiltinFunction bfid, int nparams, int ra, int arg, IrOp args, int nresults, int pcpos)
-{
-    if (nparams < 2 || nresults > 1)
-        return {BuiltinImplType::None, -1};
-
-    builtinCheckDouble(build, build.vmReg(arg), pcpos);
-    builtinCheckDouble(build, args, pcpos);
-
-    IrOp va = builtinLoadDouble(build, build.vmReg(arg));
-    IrOp vb = builtinLoadDouble(build, args);
-
-    IrOp vbi = build.inst(IrCmd::NUM_TO_INT, vb);
-
-    IrOp res = build.inst(IrCmd::INVOKE_LIBM, build.constUint(bfid), va, vbi);
-
-    build.inst(IrCmd::STORE_DOUBLE, build.vmReg(ra), res);
-
-    if (ra != arg)
-        build.inst(IrCmd::STORE_TAG, build.vmReg(ra), build.constTag(LUA_TNUMBER));
-
-    return {BuiltinImplType::Full, 1};
-}
-
 // (number, ...) -> (number, number)
 static BuiltinImplResult translateBuiltinNumberTo2Number(
     IrBuilder& build, LuauBuiltinFunction bfid, int nparams, int ra, int arg, IrOp args, int nresults, int pcpos)
@@ -152,7 +131,7 @@ static BuiltinImplResult translateBuiltinAssert(IrBuilder& build, int nparams, i
     return {BuiltinImplType::UsesFallback, 0};
 }
 
-static BuiltinImplResult translateBuiltinMathDeg(IrBuilder& build, int nparams, int ra, int arg, IrOp args, int nresults, int pcpos)
+static BuiltinImplResult translateBuiltinMathDegRad(IrBuilder& build, IrCmd cmd, int nparams, int ra, int arg, IrOp args, int nresults, int pcpos)
 {
     if (nparams < 1 || nresults > 1)
         return {BuiltinImplType::None, -1};
@@ -162,26 +141,7 @@ static BuiltinImplResult translateBuiltinMathDeg(IrBuilder& build, int nparams,
     const double rpd = (3.14159265358979323846 / 180.0);
 
     IrOp varg = builtinLoadDouble(build, build.vmReg(arg));
-    IrOp value = build.inst(IrCmd::DIV_NUM, varg, build.constDouble(rpd));
-    build.inst(IrCmd::STORE_DOUBLE, build.vmReg(ra), value);
-
-    if (ra != arg)
-        build.inst(IrCmd::STORE_TAG, build.vmReg(ra), build.constTag(LUA_TNUMBER));
-
-    return {BuiltinImplType::Full, 1};
-}
-
-static BuiltinImplResult translateBuiltinMathRad(IrBuilder& build, int nparams, int ra, int arg, IrOp args, int nresults, int pcpos)
-{
-    if (nparams < 1 || nresults > 1)
-        return {BuiltinImplType::None, -1};
-
-    builtinCheckDouble(build, build.vmReg(arg), pcpos);
-
-    const double rpd = (3.14159265358979323846 / 180.0);
-
-    IrOp varg = builtinLoadDouble(build, build.vmReg(arg));
-    IrOp value = build.inst(IrCmd::MUL_NUM, varg, build.constDouble(rpd));
+    IrOp value = build.inst(cmd, varg, build.constDouble(rpd));
     build.inst(IrCmd::STORE_DOUBLE, build.vmReg(ra), value);
 
     if (ra != arg)
@@ -231,7 +191,7 @@ static BuiltinImplResult translateBuiltinMathLog(
     return {BuiltinImplType::Full, 1};
 }
 
-static BuiltinImplResult translateBuiltinMathMin(IrBuilder& build, int nparams, int ra, int arg, IrOp args, int nresults, int pcpos)
+static BuiltinImplResult translateBuiltinMathMinMax(IrBuilder& build, IrCmd cmd, int nparams, int ra, int arg, IrOp args, int nresults, int pcpos)
 {
     if (nparams < 2 || nparams > kMinMaxUnrolledParams || nresults > 1)
         return {BuiltinImplType::None, -1};
@@ -245,42 +205,12 @@ static BuiltinImplResult translateBuiltinMathMin(IrBuilder& build, int nparams,
     IrOp varg1 = builtinLoadDouble(build, build.vmReg(arg));
     IrOp varg2 = builtinLoadDouble(build, args);
 
-    IrOp res = build.inst(IrCmd::MIN_NUM, varg2, varg1); // Swapped arguments are required for consistency with VM builtins
+    IrOp res = build.inst(cmd, varg2, varg1); // Swapped arguments are required for consistency with VM builtins
 
     for (int i = 3; i <= nparams; ++i)
     {
         IrOp arg = builtinLoadDouble(build, build.vmReg(vmRegOp(args) + (i - 2)));
-        res = build.inst(IrCmd::MIN_NUM, arg, res);
-    }
-
-    build.inst(IrCmd::STORE_DOUBLE, build.vmReg(ra), res);
-
-    if (ra != arg)
-        build.inst(IrCmd::STORE_TAG, build.vmReg(ra), build.constTag(LUA_TNUMBER));
-
-    return {BuiltinImplType::Full, 1};
-}
-
-static BuiltinImplResult translateBuiltinMathMax(IrBuilder& build, int nparams, int ra, int arg, IrOp args, int nresults, int pcpos)
-{
-    if (nparams < 2 || nparams > kMinMaxUnrolledParams || nresults > 1)
-        return {BuiltinImplType::None, -1};
-
-    builtinCheckDouble(build, build.vmReg(arg), pcpos);
-    builtinCheckDouble(build, args, pcpos);
-
-    for (int i = 3; i <= nparams; ++i)
-        builtinCheckDouble(build, build.vmReg(vmRegOp(args) + (i - 2)), pcpos);
-
-    IrOp varg1 = builtinLoadDouble(build, build.vmReg(arg));
-    IrOp varg2 = builtinLoadDouble(build, args);
-
-    IrOp res = build.inst(IrCmd::MAX_NUM, varg2, varg1); // Swapped arguments are required for consistency with VM builtins
-
-    for (int i = 3; i <= nparams; ++i)
-    {
-        IrOp arg = builtinLoadDouble(build, build.vmReg(vmRegOp(args) + (i - 2)));
-        res = build.inst(IrCmd::MAX_NUM, arg, res);
+        res = build.inst(cmd, arg, res);
     }
 
     build.inst(IrCmd::STORE_DOUBLE, build.vmReg(ra), res);
@@ -823,15 +753,15 @@ BuiltinImplResult translateBuiltin(IrBuilder& build, int bfid, int ra, int arg,
     case LBF_ASSERT:
         return translateBuiltinAssert(build, nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, pcpos);
     case LBF_MATH_DEG:
-        return translateBuiltinMathDeg(build, nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, pcpos);
+        return translateBuiltinMathDegRad(build, IrCmd::DIV_NUM, nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, pcpos);
     case LBF_MATH_RAD:
-        return translateBuiltinMathRad(build, nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, pcpos);
+        return translateBuiltinMathDegRad(build, IrCmd::MUL_NUM, nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, pcpos);
     case LBF_MATH_LOG:
         return translateBuiltinMathLog(build, LuauBuiltinFunction(bfid), nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, pcpos);
     case LBF_MATH_MIN:
-        return translateBuiltinMathMin(build, nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, pcpos);
+        return translateBuiltinMathMinMax(build, IrCmd::MIN_NUM, nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, pcpos);
     case LBF_MATH_MAX:
-        return translateBuiltinMathMax(build, nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, pcpos);
+        return translateBuiltinMathMinMax(build, IrCmd::MAX_NUM, nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, pcpos);
     case LBF_MATH_CLAMP:
         return translateBuiltinMathClamp(build, nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, fallback, pcpos);
     case LBF_MATH_FLOOR:
@@ -861,9 +791,8 @@ BuiltinImplResult translateBuiltin(IrBuilder& build, int bfid, int ra, int arg,
     case LBF_MATH_POW:
     case LBF_MATH_FMOD:
     case LBF_MATH_ATAN2:
-        return translateBuiltin2NumberToNumberLibm(build, LuauBuiltinFunction(bfid), nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, pcpos);
     case LBF_MATH_LDEXP:
-        return translateBuiltinMathLdexp(build, LuauBuiltinFunction(bfid), nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, pcpos);
+        return translateBuiltin2NumberToNumberLibm(build, LuauBuiltinFunction(bfid), nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, pcpos);
     case LBF_MATH_FREXP:
     case LBF_MATH_MODF:
         return translateBuiltinNumberTo2Number(build, LuauBuiltinFunction(bfid), nparams, ra, arg, args, nresults, pcpos);
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/IrTranslation.cpp b/CodeGen/src/IrTranslation.cpp
index 4c3fcaa7..d0c2ad54 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/IrTranslation.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/IrTranslation.cpp
@@ -12,8 +12,9 @@
 #include "lstate.h"
 #include "ltm.h"
 
-LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauImproveForN, false)
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauImproveForN2, false)
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauReduceStackSpills)
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauInlineArrConstOffset, false)
 
 namespace Luau
 {
@@ -631,6 +632,26 @@ static IrOp getLoopStepK(IrBuilder& build, int ra)
     return build.undef();
 }
 
+void beforeInstForNPrep(IrBuilder& build, const Instruction* pc)
+{
+    if (FFlag::LuauImproveForN2)
+    {
+        int ra = LUAU_INSN_A(*pc);
+
+        IrOp stepK = getLoopStepK(build, ra);
+        build.loopStepStack.push_back(stepK);
+    }
+}
+
+void afterInstForNLoop(IrBuilder& build, const Instruction* pc)
+{
+    if (FFlag::LuauImproveForN2)
+    {
+        LUAU_ASSERT(!build.loopStepStack.empty());
+        build.loopStepStack.pop_back();
+    }
+}
+
 void translateInstForNPrep(IrBuilder& build, const Instruction* pc, int pcpos)
 {
     int ra = LUAU_INSN_A(*pc);
@@ -638,10 +659,10 @@ void translateInstForNPrep(IrBuilder& build, const Instruction* pc, int pcpos)
     IrOp loopStart = build.blockAtInst(pcpos + getOpLength(LuauOpcode(LUAU_INSN_OP(*pc))));
     IrOp loopExit = build.blockAtInst(getJumpTarget(*pc, pcpos));
 
-    if (FFlag::LuauImproveForN)
+    if (FFlag::LuauImproveForN2)
     {
-        IrOp stepK = getLoopStepK(build, ra);
-        build.loopStepStack.push_back(stepK);
+        LUAU_ASSERT(!build.loopStepStack.empty());
+        IrOp stepK = build.loopStepStack.back();
 
         // When loop parameters are not numbers, VM tries to perform type coercion from string and raises an exception if that fails
         // Performing that fallback in native code increases code size and complicates CFG, obscuring the values when they are constant
@@ -733,7 +754,7 @@ void translateInstForNPrep(IrBuilder& build, const Instruction* pc, int pcpos)
     // VM places interrupt in FORNLOOP, but that creates a likely spill point for short loops that use loop index as INTERRUPT always spills
     // We place the interrupt at the beginning of the loop body instead; VM uses FORNLOOP because it doesn't want to waste an extra instruction.
     // Because loop block may not have been started yet (as it's started when lowering the first instruction!), we need to defer INTERRUPT placement.
-    if (FFlag::LuauImproveForN)
+    if (FFlag::LuauImproveForN2)
         build.interruptRequested = true;
 }
 
@@ -744,11 +765,10 @@ void translateInstForNLoop(IrBuilder& build, const Instruction* pc, int pcpos)
     IrOp loopRepeat = build.blockAtInst(getJumpTarget(*pc, pcpos));
     IrOp loopExit = build.blockAtInst(pcpos + getOpLength(LuauOpcode(LUAU_INSN_OP(*pc))));
 
-    if (FFlag::LuauImproveForN)
+    if (FFlag::LuauImproveForN2)
     {
         LUAU_ASSERT(!build.loopStepStack.empty());
         IrOp stepK = build.loopStepStack.back();
-        build.loopStepStack.pop_back();
 
         IrOp zero = build.constDouble(0.0);
         IrOp limit = build.inst(IrCmd::LOAD_DOUBLE, build.vmReg(ra + 0));
@@ -950,10 +970,20 @@ void translateInstGetTableN(IrBuilder& build, const Instruction* pc, int pcpos)
     build.inst(IrCmd::CHECK_ARRAY_SIZE, vb, build.constInt(c), fallback);
     build.inst(IrCmd::CHECK_NO_METATABLE, vb, fallback);
 
-    IrOp arrEl = build.inst(IrCmd::GET_ARR_ADDR, vb, build.constInt(c));
+    if (FFlag::LuauInlineArrConstOffset)
+    {
+        IrOp arrEl = build.inst(IrCmd::GET_ARR_ADDR, vb, build.constInt(0));
 
-    IrOp arrElTval = build.inst(IrCmd::LOAD_TVALUE, arrEl);
-    build.inst(IrCmd::STORE_TVALUE, build.vmReg(ra), arrElTval);
+        IrOp arrElTval = build.inst(IrCmd::LOAD_TVALUE, arrEl, build.constInt(c * sizeof(TValue)));
+        build.inst(IrCmd::STORE_TVALUE, build.vmReg(ra), arrElTval);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        IrOp arrEl = build.inst(IrCmd::GET_ARR_ADDR, vb, build.constInt(c));
+
+        IrOp arrElTval = build.inst(IrCmd::LOAD_TVALUE, arrEl);
+        build.inst(IrCmd::STORE_TVALUE, build.vmReg(ra), arrElTval);
+    }
 
     IrOp next = build.blockAtInst(pcpos + 1);
     FallbackStreamScope scope(build, fallback, next);
@@ -980,10 +1010,20 @@ void translateInstSetTableN(IrBuilder& build, const Instruction* pc, int pcpos)
     build.inst(IrCmd::CHECK_NO_METATABLE, vb, fallback);
     build.inst(IrCmd::CHECK_READONLY, vb, fallback);
 
-    IrOp arrEl = build.inst(IrCmd::GET_ARR_ADDR, vb, build.constInt(c));
+    if (FFlag::LuauInlineArrConstOffset)
+    {
+        IrOp arrEl = build.inst(IrCmd::GET_ARR_ADDR, vb, build.constInt(0));
 
-    IrOp tva = build.inst(IrCmd::LOAD_TVALUE, build.vmReg(ra));
-    build.inst(IrCmd::STORE_TVALUE, arrEl, tva);
+        IrOp tva = build.inst(IrCmd::LOAD_TVALUE, build.vmReg(ra));
+        build.inst(IrCmd::STORE_TVALUE, arrEl, tva, build.constInt(c * sizeof(TValue)));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        IrOp arrEl = build.inst(IrCmd::GET_ARR_ADDR, vb, build.constInt(c));
+
+        IrOp tva = build.inst(IrCmd::LOAD_TVALUE, build.vmReg(ra));
+        build.inst(IrCmd::STORE_TVALUE, arrEl, tva);
+    }
 
     build.inst(IrCmd::BARRIER_TABLE_FORWARD, vb, build.vmReg(ra), build.undef());
 
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/IrTranslation.h b/CodeGen/src/IrTranslation.h
index 3736b44d..29c14356 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/IrTranslation.h
+++ b/CodeGen/src/IrTranslation.h
@@ -65,5 +65,8 @@ void translateInstAndX(IrBuilder& build, const Instruction* pc, int pcpos, IrOp
 void translateInstOrX(IrBuilder& build, const Instruction* pc, int pcpos, IrOp c);
 void translateInstNewClosure(IrBuilder& build, const Instruction* pc, int pcpos);
 
+void beforeInstForNPrep(IrBuilder& build, const Instruction* pc);
+void afterInstForNLoop(IrBuilder& build, const Instruction* pc);
+
 } // namespace CodeGen
 } // namespace Luau
diff --git a/Common/include/Luau/Bytecode.h b/Common/include/Luau/Bytecode.h
index 36b570ce..a4f1d67e 100644
--- a/Common/include/Luau/Bytecode.h
+++ b/Common/include/Luau/Bytecode.h
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ enum LuauBytecodeTag
     // Bytecode version; runtime supports [MIN, MAX], compiler emits TARGET by default but may emit a higher version when flags are enabled
     LBC_VERSION_MIN = 3,
     LBC_VERSION_MAX = 4,
-    LBC_VERSION_TARGET = 3,
+    LBC_VERSION_TARGET = 4,
     // Type encoding version
     LBC_TYPE_VERSION = 1,
     // Types of constant table entries
@@ -575,4 +575,6 @@ enum LuauProtoFlag
 {
     // used to tag main proto for modules with --!native
     LPF_NATIVE_MODULE = 1 << 0,
+    // used to tag individual protos as not profitable to compile natively
+    LPF_NATIVE_COLD = 1 << 1,
 };
diff --git a/Compiler/src/BytecodeBuilder.cpp b/Compiler/src/BytecodeBuilder.cpp
index 4ebed69a..6b88162d 100644
--- a/Compiler/src/BytecodeBuilder.cpp
+++ b/Compiler/src/BytecodeBuilder.cpp
@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <string.h>
 
-LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(BytecodeVersion4, false)
-
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauFloorDivision)
 
 namespace Luau
@@ -586,12 +584,9 @@ void BytecodeBuilder::finalize()
 
     bytecode = char(version);
 
-    if (FFlag::BytecodeVersion4)
-    {
-        uint8_t typesversion = getTypeEncodingVersion();
-        LUAU_ASSERT(typesversion == 1);
-        writeByte(bytecode, typesversion);
-    }
+    uint8_t typesversion = getTypeEncodingVersion();
+    LUAU_ASSERT(typesversion == 1);
+    writeByte(bytecode, typesversion);
 
     writeStringTable(bytecode);
 
@@ -615,13 +610,10 @@ void BytecodeBuilder::writeFunction(std::string& ss, uint32_t id, uint8_t flags)
     writeByte(ss, func.numupvalues);
     writeByte(ss, func.isvararg);
 
-    if (FFlag::BytecodeVersion4)
-    {
-        writeByte(ss, flags);
+    writeByte(ss, flags);
 
-        writeVarInt(ss, uint32_t(func.typeinfo.size()));
-        ss.append(func.typeinfo);
-    }
+    writeVarInt(ss, uint32_t(func.typeinfo.size()));
+    ss.append(func.typeinfo);
 
     // instructions
     writeVarInt(ss, uint32_t(insns.size()));
@@ -1074,10 +1066,6 @@ std::string BytecodeBuilder::getError(const std::string& message)
 uint8_t BytecodeBuilder::getVersion()
 {
     // This function usually returns LBC_VERSION_TARGET but may sometimes return a higher number (within LBC_VERSION_MIN/MAX) under fast flags
-
-    if (FFlag::BytecodeVersion4)
-        return 4;
-
     return LBC_VERSION_TARGET;
 }
 
diff --git a/Compiler/src/Compiler.cpp b/Compiler/src/Compiler.cpp
index 4fdf659b..ef5c2369 100644
--- a/Compiler/src/Compiler.cpp
+++ b/Compiler/src/Compiler.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,13 @@ LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauCompileInlineThreshold, 25)
 LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauCompileInlineThresholdMaxBoost, 300)
 LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauCompileInlineDepth, 5)
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauCompileFenvNoBuiltinFold, false)
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauCompileTopCold, false)
+
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauFloorDivision)
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauCompileFixContinueValidation, false)
+
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauCompileContinueCloseUpvals, false)
 
 namespace Luau
 {
@@ -259,6 +265,10 @@ struct Compiler
         if (bytecode.getInstructionCount() > kMaxInstructionCount)
             CompileError::raise(func->location, "Exceeded function instruction limit; split the function into parts to compile");
 
+        // since top-level code only executes once, it can be marked as cold if it has no loops (top-level code with loops might be profitable to compile natively)
+        if (FFlag::LuauCompileTopCold && func->functionDepth == 0 && !hasLoops)
+            protoflags |= LPF_NATIVE_COLD;
+
         bytecode.endFunction(uint8_t(stackSize), uint8_t(upvals.size()), protoflags);
 
         Function& f = functions[func];
@@ -283,6 +293,7 @@ struct Compiler
 
         upvals.clear(); // note: instead of std::move above, we copy & clear to preserve capacity for future pushes
         stackSize = 0;
+        hasLoops = false;
 
         return fid;
     }
@@ -646,11 +657,25 @@ struct Compiler
         // apply all evaluated arguments to the compiler state
         // note: locals use current startpc for debug info, although some of them have been computed earlier; this is similar to compileStatLocal
         for (InlineArg& arg : args)
+        {
             if (arg.value.type == Constant::Type_Unknown)
+            {
                 pushLocal(arg.local, arg.reg);
+            }
             else
+            {
                 locstants[arg.local] = arg.value;
 
+                if (FFlag::LuauCompileFixContinueValidation)
+                {
+                    // Mark that optimization skipped allocation of this local
+                    Local& l = locals[arg.local];
+                    LUAU_ASSERT(!l.skipped);
+                    l.skipped = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         // the inline frame will be used to compile return statements as well as to reject recursive inlining attempts
         inlineFrames.push_back({func, oldLocals, target, targetCount});
 
@@ -693,8 +718,27 @@ struct Compiler
 
         // clean up constant state for future inlining attempts
         for (size_t i = 0; i < func->args.size; ++i)
-            if (Constant* var = locstants.find(func->args.data[i]))
-                var->type = Constant::Type_Unknown;
+        {
+            AstLocal* local = func->args.data[i];
+
+            if (FFlag::LuauCompileFixContinueValidation)
+            {
+                if (Constant* var = locstants.find(local); var && var->type != Constant::Type_Unknown)
+                {
+                    var->type = Constant::Type_Unknown;
+
+                    // Restore local allocation skip flag as well
+                    Local& l = locals[local];
+                    LUAU_ASSERT(l.skipped);
+                    l.skipped = false;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (Constant* var = locstants.find(local))
+                    var->type = Constant::Type_Unknown;
+            }
+        }
 
         foldConstants(constants, variables, locstants, builtinsFold, builtinsFoldMathK, func->body);
     }
@@ -2469,7 +2513,7 @@ struct Compiler
         AstStat* continueStatement = extractStatContinue(stat->thenbody);
 
         // Optimization: body is a "continue" statement with no "else" => we can directly continue in "then" case
-        if (!stat->elsebody && continueStatement != nullptr && !areLocalsCaptured(loops.back().localOffset))
+        if (!stat->elsebody && continueStatement != nullptr && !areLocalsCaptured(loops.back().localOffsetContinue))
         {
             if (loops.back().untilCondition)
                 validateContinueUntil(continueStatement, loops.back().untilCondition);
@@ -2533,7 +2577,8 @@ struct Compiler
         size_t oldJumps = loopJumps.size();
         size_t oldLocals = localStack.size();
 
-        loops.push_back({oldLocals, nullptr});
+        loops.push_back({oldLocals, oldLocals, nullptr});
+        hasLoops = true;
 
         size_t loopLabel = bytecode.emitLabel();
 
@@ -2568,7 +2613,8 @@ struct Compiler
         size_t oldJumps = loopJumps.size();
         size_t oldLocals = localStack.size();
 
-        loops.push_back({oldLocals, stat->condition});
+        loops.push_back({oldLocals, oldLocals, stat->condition});
+        hasLoops = true;
 
         size_t loopLabel = bytecode.emitLabel();
 
@@ -2579,8 +2625,17 @@ struct Compiler
         RegScope rs(this);
 
         for (size_t i = 0; i < body->body.size; ++i)
+        {
             compileStat(body->body.data[i]);
 
+            // continue statement inside the repeat..until loop should not close upvalues defined directly in the loop body
+            // (but it must still close upvalues defined in more nested blocks)
+            // this is because the upvalues defined inside the loop body may be captured by a closure defined in the until
+            // expression that continue will jump to.
+            if (FFlag::LuauCompileContinueCloseUpvals)
+                loops.back().localOffsetContinue = localStack.size();
+        }
+
         size_t contLabel = bytecode.emitLabel();
 
         size_t endLabel;
@@ -2707,7 +2762,19 @@ struct Compiler
     {
         // Optimization: we don't need to allocate and assign const locals, since their uses will be constant-folded
         if (options.optimizationLevel >= 1 && options.debugLevel <= 1 && areLocalsRedundant(stat))
+        {
+            if (FFlag::LuauCompileFixContinueValidation)
+            {
+                // Mark that optimization skipped allocation of this local
+                for (AstLocal* local : stat->vars)
+                {
+                    Local& l = locals[local];
+                    l.skipped = true;
+                }
+            }
+
             return;
+        }
 
         // Optimization: for 1-1 local assignments, we can reuse the register *if* neither local is mutated
         if (options.optimizationLevel >= 1 && stat->vars.size == 1 && stat->values.size == 1)
@@ -2796,7 +2863,7 @@ struct Compiler
         size_t oldLocals = localStack.size();
         size_t oldJumps = loopJumps.size();
 
-        loops.push_back({oldLocals, nullptr});
+        loops.push_back({oldLocals, oldLocals, nullptr});
 
         for (int iv = 0; iv < tripCount; ++iv)
         {
@@ -2847,7 +2914,8 @@ struct Compiler
         size_t oldLocals = localStack.size();
         size_t oldJumps = loopJumps.size();
 
-        loops.push_back({oldLocals, nullptr});
+        loops.push_back({oldLocals, oldLocals, nullptr});
+        hasLoops = true;
 
         // register layout: limit, step, index
         uint8_t regs = allocReg(stat, 3);
@@ -2911,7 +2979,8 @@ struct Compiler
         size_t oldLocals = localStack.size();
         size_t oldJumps = loopJumps.size();
 
-        loops.push_back({oldLocals, nullptr});
+        loops.push_back({oldLocals, oldLocals, nullptr});
+        hasLoops = true;
 
         // register layout: generator, state, index, variables...
         uint8_t regs = allocReg(stat, 3);
@@ -3327,7 +3396,7 @@ struct Compiler
 
             // before continuing, we need to close all local variables that were captured in closures since loop start
             // normally they are closed by the enclosing blocks, including the loop block, but we're skipping that here
-            closeLocals(loops.back().localOffset);
+            closeLocals(loops.back().localOffsetContinue);
 
             size_t label = bytecode.emitLabel();
 
@@ -3640,6 +3709,9 @@ struct Compiler
         {
             Local& l = self->locals[local];
 
+            if (FFlag::LuauCompileFixContinueValidation && l.skipped)
+                return;
+
             if (!l.allocated && !undef)
                 undef = local;
         }
@@ -3765,6 +3837,7 @@ struct Compiler
         uint8_t reg = 0;
         bool allocated = false;
         bool captured = false;
+        bool skipped = false;
         uint32_t debugpc = 0;
     };
 
@@ -3783,6 +3856,7 @@ struct Compiler
     struct Loop
     {
         size_t localOffset;
+        size_t localOffsetContinue;
 
         AstExpr* untilCondition;
     };
@@ -3830,8 +3904,10 @@ struct Compiler
     const DenseHashMap<AstExprCall*, int>* builtinsFold = nullptr;
     bool builtinsFoldMathK = false;
 
+    // compileFunction state, gets reset for every function
     unsigned int regTop = 0;
     unsigned int stackSize = 0;
+    bool hasLoops = false;
 
     bool getfenvUsed = false;
     bool setfenvUsed = false;
@@ -3877,8 +3953,15 @@ void compileOrThrow(BytecodeBuilder& bytecode, const ParseResult& parseResult, c
     // this pass analyzes mutability of locals/globals and associates locals with their initial values
     trackValues(compiler.globals, compiler.variables, root);
 
+    // this visitor tracks calls to getfenv/setfenv and disables some optimizations when they are found
+    if (options.optimizationLevel >= 1 && (names.get("getfenv").value || names.get("setfenv").value))
+    {
+        Compiler::FenvVisitor fenvVisitor(compiler.getfenvUsed, compiler.setfenvUsed);
+        root->visit(&fenvVisitor);
+    }
+
     // builtin folding is enabled on optimization level 2 since we can't deoptimize folding at runtime
-    if (options.optimizationLevel >= 2)
+    if (options.optimizationLevel >= 2 && (!FFlag::LuauCompileFenvNoBuiltinFold || (!compiler.getfenvUsed && !compiler.setfenvUsed)))
     {
         compiler.builtinsFold = &compiler.builtins;
 
@@ -3898,13 +3981,6 @@ void compileOrThrow(BytecodeBuilder& bytecode, const ParseResult& parseResult, c
         predictTableShapes(compiler.tableShapes, root);
     }
 
-    // this visitor tracks calls to getfenv/setfenv and disables some optimizations when they are found
-    if (options.optimizationLevel >= 1 && (names.get("getfenv").value || names.get("setfenv").value))
-    {
-        Compiler::FenvVisitor fenvVisitor(compiler.getfenvUsed, compiler.setfenvUsed);
-        root->visit(&fenvVisitor);
-    }
-
     // gathers all functions with the invariant that all function references are to functions earlier in the list
     // for example, function foo() return function() end end will result in two vector entries, [0] = anonymous and [1] = foo
     std::vector<AstExprFunction*> functions;
diff --git a/Sources.cmake b/Sources.cmake
index 3567b8be..ebd73c4f 100644
--- a/Sources.cmake
+++ b/Sources.cmake
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ target_sources(Luau.Analysis PRIVATE
     Analysis/src/Linter.cpp
     Analysis/src/LValue.cpp
     Analysis/src/Module.cpp
-    Analysis/src/NonStrictTypeChecker.cpp        
+    Analysis/src/NonStrictTypeChecker.cpp
     Analysis/src/Normalize.cpp
     Analysis/src/Quantify.cpp
     Analysis/src/Refinement.cpp
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ if(TARGET Luau.UnitTest)
         tests/LValue.test.cpp
         tests/Module.test.cpp
         tests/NonstrictMode.test.cpp
-        tests/NonStrictTypeChecker.test.cpp	
+        tests/NonStrictTypeChecker.test.cpp
         tests/Normalize.test.cpp
         tests/NotNull.test.cpp
         tests/Parser.test.cpp
diff --git a/VM/src/loslib.cpp b/VM/src/loslib.cpp
index b5063504..a4da00cc 100644
--- a/VM/src/loslib.cpp
+++ b/VM/src/loslib.cpp
@@ -2,11 +2,15 @@
 // This code is based on Lua 5.x implementation licensed under MIT License; see lua_LICENSE.txt for details
 #include "lualib.h"
 
+#include "lcommon.h"
+
 #include <string.h>
 #include <time.h>
 
 #define LUA_STRFTIMEOPTIONS "aAbBcdHIjmMpSUwWxXyYzZ%"
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauOsTimegm, false)
+
 #if defined(_WIN32)
 static tm* gmtime_r(const time_t* timep, tm* result)
 {
@@ -20,10 +24,49 @@ static tm* localtime_r(const time_t* timep, tm* result)
 
 static time_t timegm(struct tm* timep)
 {
+    LUAU_ASSERT(!FFlag::LuauOsTimegm);
+
     return _mkgmtime(timep);
 }
 #endif
 
+static time_t os_timegm(struct tm* timep)
+{
+    LUAU_ASSERT(FFlag::LuauOsTimegm);
+
+    // Julian day number calculation
+    int day = timep->tm_mday;
+    int month = timep->tm_mon + 1;
+    int year = timep->tm_year + 1900;
+
+    // year adjustment, pretend that it starts in March
+    int a = timep->tm_mon % 12 < 2 ? 1 : 0;
+
+    // also adjust for out-of-range month numbers in input
+    a -= timep->tm_mon / 12;
+
+    int y = year + 4800 - a;
+    int m = month + (12 * a) - 3;
+
+    int julianday = day + ((153 * m + 2) / 5) + (365 * y) + (y / 4) - (y / 100) + (y / 400) - 32045;
+
+    const int utcstartasjulianday = 2440588;                              // Jan 1st 1970 offset in Julian calendar
+    const int64_t utcstartasjuliansecond = utcstartasjulianday * 86400ll; // same in seconds
+
+    // fail the dates before UTC start
+    if (julianday < utcstartasjulianday)
+        return time_t(-1);
+
+    int64_t daysecond = timep->tm_hour * 3600ll + timep->tm_min * 60ll + timep->tm_sec;
+    int64_t julianseconds = int64_t(julianday) * 86400ull + daysecond;
+
+    if (julianseconds < utcstartasjuliansecond)
+        return time_t(-1);
+
+    int64_t utc = julianseconds - utcstartasjuliansecond;
+    return time_t(utc);
+}
+
 static int os_clock(lua_State* L)
 {
     lua_pushnumber(L, lua_clock());
@@ -163,7 +206,10 @@ static int os_time(lua_State* L)
         ts.tm_isdst = getboolfield(L, "isdst");
 
         // Note: upstream Lua uses mktime() here which assumes input is local time, but we prefer UTC for consistency
-        t = timegm(&ts);
+        if (FFlag::LuauOsTimegm)
+            t = os_timegm(&ts);
+        else
+            t = timegm(&ts);
     }
     if (t == (time_t)(-1))
         lua_pushnil(L);
diff --git a/bench/other/regex.lua b/bench/other/regex.lua
index eb659a5e..4f32b408 100644
--- a/bench/other/regex.lua
+++ b/bench/other/regex.lua
@@ -2061,9 +2061,8 @@ function re.type(...)
 	return proxy[...] and proxy[...].name;
 end;
 
-for k, f in pairs(re_m) do
-	re[k] = f;
-end;
+-- TODO: table.foreach is currently used as top-level loops needlessly increase native code size for this module
+table.foreach(re_m, function(k, f) re[k] = f end)
 
 re_m = { __index = re_m };
 
diff --git a/tests/AssemblyBuilderX64.test.cpp b/tests/AssemblyBuilderX64.test.cpp
index 177e2493..06d38124 100644
--- a/tests/AssemblyBuilderX64.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/AssemblyBuilderX64.test.cpp
@@ -264,6 +264,14 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(AssemblyBuilderX64Fixture, "FormsOfSetcc")
     SINGLE_COMPARE(setcc(ConditionX64::BelowEqual, byte[rcx]), 0x0f, 0x96, 0x01);
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(AssemblyBuilderX64Fixture, "FormsOfCmov")
+{
+    SINGLE_COMPARE(cmov(ConditionX64::LessEqual, ebx, eax), 0x0f, 0x4e, 0xd8);
+    SINGLE_COMPARE(cmov(ConditionX64::NotZero, rbx, qword[rax]), 0x48, 0x0f, 0x45, 0x18);
+    SINGLE_COMPARE(cmov(ConditionX64::Zero, rbx, qword[rax + rcx]), 0x48, 0x0f, 0x44, 0x1c, 0x08);
+    SINGLE_COMPARE(cmov(ConditionX64::BelowEqual, r14d, r15d), 0x45, 0x0f, 0x46, 0xf7);
+}
+
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(AssemblyBuilderX64Fixture, "FormsOfAbsoluteJumps")
 {
     SINGLE_COMPARE(jmp(rax), 0xff, 0xe0);
@@ -590,6 +598,7 @@ TEST_CASE("LogTest")
     build.vroundsd(xmm1, xmm2, xmm3, RoundingModeX64::RoundToNearestEven);
     build.add(rdx, qword[rcx - 12]);
     build.pop(r12);
+    build.cmov(ConditionX64::AboveEqual, rax, rbx);
     build.ret();
     build.int3();
 
@@ -634,6 +643,7 @@ TEST_CASE("LogTest")
  vroundsd    xmm1,xmm2,xmm3,8
  add         rdx,qword ptr [rcx-0Ch]
  pop         r12
+ cmovae      rax,rbx
  ret
  int3
  nop
diff --git a/tests/Compiler.test.cpp b/tests/Compiler.test.cpp
index 49498744..68f2a9a0 100644
--- a/tests/Compiler.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/Compiler.test.cpp
@@ -1772,6 +1772,8 @@ RETURN R0 0
 
 TEST_CASE("LoopContinueUntil")
 {
+    ScopedFastFlag sff("LuauCompileContinueCloseUpvals", true);
+
     // it's valid to use locals defined inside the loop in until expression if they're defined before continue
     CHECK_EQ("\n" + compileFunction0("repeat local r = math.random() if r > 0.5 then continue end r = r + 0.3 until r < 0.5"), R"(
 L0: GETIMPORT R0 2 [math.random]
@@ -1833,17 +1835,15 @@ L2: RETURN R0 0
 L0: GETIMPORT R0 2 [math.random]
 CALL R0 0 1
 LOADK R1 K3 [0.5]
-JUMPIFNOTLT R1 R0 L1
-CLOSEUPVALS R0
-JUMP L2
-L1: ADDK R0 R0 K4 [0.29999999999999999]
-L2: NEWCLOSURE R1 P0
+JUMPIFLT R1 R0 L1
+ADDK R0 R0 K4 [0.29999999999999999]
+L1: NEWCLOSURE R1 P0
 CAPTURE REF R0
 CALL R1 0 1
-JUMPIF R1 L3
+JUMPIF R1 L2
 CLOSEUPVALS R0
 JUMPBACK L0
-L3: CLOSEUPVALS R0
+L2: CLOSEUPVALS R0
 RETURN R0 0
 )");
 
@@ -1895,42 +1895,188 @@ L2: RETURN R0 0
 L0: GETIMPORT R0 2 [math.random]
 CALL R0 0 1
 LOADK R1 K3 [0.5]
-JUMPIFNOTLT R1 R0 L1
-CLOSEUPVALS R0
-JUMP L2
-L1: ADDK R0 R0 K4 [0.29999999999999999]
-L2: NEWCLOSURE R1 P0
+JUMPIFLT R1 R0 L1
+ADDK R0 R0 K4 [0.29999999999999999]
+L1: NEWCLOSURE R1 P0
 CAPTURE UPVAL U0
 CAPTURE REF R0
 CALL R1 0 1
-JUMPIF R1 L3
+JUMPIF R1 L2
 CLOSEUPVALS R0
 JUMPBACK L0
-L3: CLOSEUPVALS R0
+L2: CLOSEUPVALS R0
 RETURN R0 0
 )");
 }
 
-TEST_CASE("LoopContinueUntilOops")
+TEST_CASE("LoopContinueIgnoresImplicitConstant")
 {
+    ScopedFastFlag luauCompileFixContinueValidation{"LuauCompileFixContinueValidation", true};
+
     // this used to crash the compiler :(
-    try
-    {
-        Luau::BytecodeBuilder bcb;
-        Luau::compileOrThrow(bcb, R"(
+    CHECK_EQ("\n" + compileFunction0(R"(
 local _
 repeat
 continue
 until not _
+)"),
+        R"(
+RETURN R0 0
+RETURN R0 0
 )");
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("LoopContinueIgnoresExplicitConstant")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag luauCompileFixContinueValidation{"LuauCompileFixContinueValidation", true};
+
+    // Constants do not allocate locals and 'continue' validation should skip them if their lifetime already started
+    CHECK_EQ("\n" + compileFunction0(R"(
+local c = true
+repeat
+    continue
+until c
+)"),
+        R"(
+RETURN R0 0
+RETURN R0 0
+)");
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("LoopContinueRespectsExplicitConstant")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag luauCompileFixContinueValidation{"LuauCompileFixContinueValidation", true};
+
+    // If local lifetime hasn't started, even if it's a constant that will not receive an allocation, it cannot be jumped over
+    try
+    {
+        Luau::BytecodeBuilder bcb;
+        Luau::compileOrThrow(bcb, R"(
+repeat
+    do continue end
+
+    local c = true
+until c
+)");
+
+        CHECK(!"Expected CompileError");
     }
     catch (Luau::CompileError& e)
     {
+        CHECK_EQ(e.getLocation().begin.line + 1, 6);
         CHECK_EQ(
-            std::string(e.what()), "Local _ used in the repeat..until condition is undefined because continue statement on line 4 jumps over it");
+            std::string(e.what()), "Local c used in the repeat..until condition is undefined because continue statement on line 3 jumps over it");
     }
 }
 
+TEST_CASE("LoopContinueIgnoresImplicitConstantAfterInline")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag luauCompileFixContinueValidation{"LuauCompileFixContinueValidation", true};
+
+    // Inlining might also replace some locals with constants instead of allocating them
+    CHECK_EQ("\n" + compileFunction(R"(
+local function inline(f)
+    repeat
+        continue
+    until f
+end
+
+local function test(...)
+    inline(true)
+end
+
+test()
+)",
+                        1, 2),
+        R"(
+RETURN R0 0
+RETURN R0 0
+)");
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("LoopContinueUntilCapture")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag sff("LuauCompileContinueCloseUpvals", true);
+
+    // validate continue upvalue closing behavior: continue must close locals defined in the nested scopes
+    // but can't close locals defined in the loop scope - these are visible to the condition and will be closed
+    // when evaluating the condition instead.
+    CHECK_EQ("\n" + compileFunction(R"(
+local a a = 0
+repeat
+    local b b = 0
+    if a then
+        local c
+        print(function() c = 0 end)
+        if a then
+            continue -- must close c but not a/b
+        end
+        -- must close c
+    end
+    -- must close b but not a
+until function() a = 0 b = 0 end
+-- must close b on loop exit
+-- must close a
+)",
+                        2),
+        R"(
+LOADNIL R0
+LOADN R0 0
+L0: LOADNIL R1
+LOADN R1 0
+JUMPIFNOT R0 L2
+LOADNIL R2
+GETIMPORT R3 1 [print]
+NEWCLOSURE R4 P0
+CAPTURE REF R2
+CALL R3 1 0
+JUMPIFNOT R0 L1
+CLOSEUPVALS R2
+JUMP L2
+L1: CLOSEUPVALS R2
+L2: NEWCLOSURE R2 P1
+CAPTURE REF R0
+CAPTURE REF R1
+JUMPIF R2 L3
+CLOSEUPVALS R1
+JUMPBACK L0
+L3: CLOSEUPVALS R1
+CLOSEUPVALS R0
+RETURN R0 0
+)");
+
+    // a simpler version of the above test doesn't need to close anything when evaluating continue
+    CHECK_EQ("\n" + compileFunction(R"(
+local a a = 0
+repeat
+    local b b = 0
+    if a then
+        continue -- must not close a/b
+    end
+    -- must close b but not a
+until function() a = 0 b = 0 end
+-- must close b on loop exit
+-- must close a
+)",
+                        1),
+        R"(
+LOADNIL R0
+LOADN R0 0
+L0: LOADNIL R1
+LOADN R1 0
+JUMPIF R0 L1
+L1: NEWCLOSURE R2 P0
+CAPTURE REF R0
+CAPTURE REF R1
+JUMPIF R2 L2
+CLOSEUPVALS R1
+JUMPBACK L0
+L2: CLOSEUPVALS R1
+CLOSEUPVALS R0
+RETURN R0 0
+)");
+}
+
 TEST_CASE("AndOrOptimizations")
 {
     // the OR/ORK optimization triggers for cutoff since lhs is simple
@@ -6368,7 +6514,7 @@ return
     math.log10(100),
     math.log(1),
     math.log(4, 2),
-    math.log(27, 3),
+    math.log(64, 4),
     math.max(1, 2, 3),
     math.min(1, 2, 3),
     math.pow(3, 3),
@@ -7408,4 +7554,27 @@ RETURN R0 1
 )");
 }
 
+TEST_CASE("NoBuiltinFoldFenv")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag sff("LuauCompileFenvNoBuiltinFold", true);
+
+    // builtin folding is disabled when getfenv/setfenv is used in the module
+    CHECK_EQ("\n" + compileFunction(R"(
+getfenv()
+
+function test()
+    return math.pi, math.sin(0)
+end
+)",
+                        0, 2),
+        R"(
+GETIMPORT R0 2 [math.pi]
+LOADN R2 0
+FASTCALL1 24 R2 L0
+GETIMPORT R1 4 [math.sin]
+CALL R1 1 1
+L0: RETURN R0 2
+)");
+}
+
 TEST_SUITE_END();
diff --git a/tests/Conformance.test.cpp b/tests/Conformance.test.cpp
index f731eaea..1e520100 100644
--- a/tests/Conformance.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/Conformance.test.cpp
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include "Luau/TypeInfer.h"
 #include "Luau/BytecodeBuilder.h"
 #include "Luau/Frontend.h"
+#include "Luau/CodeGen.h"
 
 #include "doctest.h"
 #include "ScopedFlags.h"
@@ -224,7 +225,7 @@ static StateRef runConformance(const char* name, void (*setup)(lua_State* L) = n
     free(bytecode);
 
     if (result == 0 && codegen && !skipCodegen && luau_codegen_supported())
-        luau_codegen_compile(L, -1);
+        Luau::CodeGen::compile(L, -1, Luau::CodeGen::CodeGen_ColdFunctions);
 
     int status = (result == 0) ? lua_resume(L, nullptr, 0) : LUA_ERRSYNTAX;
 
@@ -288,7 +289,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Assert")
 TEST_CASE("Basic")
 {
     ScopedFastFlag sffs{"LuauFloorDivision", true};
-    ScopedFastFlag sfff{"LuauImproveForN", true};
+    ScopedFastFlag sfff{"LuauImproveForN2", true};
 
     runConformance("basic.lua");
 }
@@ -379,6 +380,8 @@ TEST_CASE("Events")
 
 TEST_CASE("Constructs")
 {
+    ScopedFastFlag sff("LuauCompileContinueCloseUpvals", true);
+
     runConformance("constructs.lua");
 }
 
@@ -1809,8 +1812,6 @@ TEST_CASE("Native")
 
 TEST_CASE("NativeTypeAnnotations")
 {
-    ScopedFastFlag bytecodeVersion4("BytecodeVersion4", true);
-
     // This tests requires code to run natively, otherwise all 'is_native' checks will fail
     if (!codegen || !luau_codegen_supported())
         return;
@@ -1891,7 +1892,7 @@ TEST_CASE("HugeFunction")
     REQUIRE(result == 0);
 
     if (codegen && luau_codegen_supported())
-        luau_codegen_compile(L, -1);
+        Luau::CodeGen::compile(L, -1, Luau::CodeGen::CodeGen_ColdFunctions);
 
     int status = lua_resume(L, nullptr, 0);
     REQUIRE(status == 0);
diff --git a/tests/NonStrictTypeChecker.test.cpp b/tests/NonStrictTypeChecker.test.cpp
index 9021a9af..00fd8ed1 100644
--- a/tests/NonStrictTypeChecker.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/NonStrictTypeChecker.test.cpp
@@ -3,10 +3,28 @@
 
 #include "Fixture.h"
 
+#include "Luau/Common.h"
+#include "Luau/Ast.h"
+#include "Luau/ModuleResolver.h"
+#include "ScopedFlags.h"
 #include "doctest.h"
+#include <iostream>
 
 using namespace Luau;
 
+struct NonStrictTypeCheckerFixture : Fixture
+{
+
+    ParseResult parse(std::string source)
+    {
+        ParseOptions opts;
+        opts.allowDeclarationSyntax = true;
+        ScopedFastFlag sff{"LuauCheckedFunctionSyntax", true};
+        return tryParse(source, opts);
+    }
+};
+
+
 TEST_SUITE_BEGIN("NonStrictTypeCheckerTest");
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "basic")
@@ -14,4 +32,85 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "basic")
     Luau::checkNonStrict(builtinTypes, nullptr);
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NonStrictTypeCheckerFixture, "parse_top_level_checked_fn")
+{
+    std::string src = R"BUILTIN_SRC(
+declare function @checked abs(n: number): number
+)BUILTIN_SRC";
+
+    ParseResult pr = parse(src);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(pr.errors.size() == 0);
+
+    LUAU_ASSERT(pr.root->body.size == 1);
+    AstStat* root = *(pr.root->body.data);
+    auto func = root->as<AstStatDeclareFunction>();
+    LUAU_ASSERT(func);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(func->checkedFunction);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NonStrictTypeCheckerFixture, "parse_declared_table_checked_member")
+{
+    std::string src = R"BUILTIN_SRC(
+    declare math : {
+        abs : @checked (number) -> number
+}
+)BUILTIN_SRC";
+
+    ParseResult pr = parse(src);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(pr.errors.size() == 0);
+
+    LUAU_ASSERT(pr.root->body.size == 1);
+    AstStat* root = *(pr.root->body.data);
+    auto glob = root->as<AstStatDeclareGlobal>();
+    LUAU_ASSERT(glob);
+    auto tbl = glob->type->as<AstTypeTable>();
+    LUAU_ASSERT(tbl);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(tbl->props.size == 1);
+    auto prop = *tbl->props.data;
+    auto func = prop.type->as<AstTypeFunction>();
+    LUAU_ASSERT(func);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(func->checkedFunction);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NonStrictTypeCheckerFixture, "parse_checked_outside_decl_fails")
+{
+    auto src = R"(
+    local @checked = 3
+)";
+
+    ParseResult pr = parse(src);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(pr.errors.size() > 0);
+    auto ts = pr.errors[1].getMessage();
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NonStrictTypeCheckerFixture, "parse_checked_in_and_out_of_decl_fails")
+{
+    auto src = R"(
+    local @checked = 3
+    declare function @checked abs(n: number): number
+)";
+    auto pr = parse(src);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(pr.errors.size() == 2);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(pr.errors[0].getLocation().begin.line == 1);
+    LUAU_ASSERT(pr.errors[1].getLocation().begin.line == 1);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NonStrictTypeCheckerFixture, "parse_checked_as_function_name_fails")
+{
+    auto pr = parse(R"(
+    function @checked(x: number) : number
+    end
+)");
+    LUAU_ASSERT(pr.errors.size() > 0);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(NonStrictTypeCheckerFixture, "cannot_use_@_as_variable_name")
+{
+    auto pr = parse(R"(
+    local @blah = 3
+)");
+
+    LUAU_ASSERT(pr.errors.size() > 0);
+}
+
 TEST_SUITE_END();
diff --git a/tests/Subtyping.test.cpp b/tests/Subtyping.test.cpp
index b0347cc0..a19b5f19 100644
--- a/tests/Subtyping.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/Subtyping.test.cpp
@@ -598,6 +598,20 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(SubtypeFixture, "(number) -> () <!: <T>(T) -> ()")
     CHECK_IS_NOT_SUBTYPE(numberToNothingType, genericTToNothingType);
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(SubtypeFixture, "<T>() -> (T, T) <!: () -> (string, number)")
+{
+    TypeId nothingToTwoTs = arena.addType(FunctionType{
+        {genericT},
+        {},
+        builtinTypes->emptyTypePack,
+        arena.addTypePack({genericT, genericT})
+    });
+
+    TypeId nothingToStringAndNumber = fn({}, {builtinTypes->stringType, builtinTypes->numberType});
+
+    CHECK_IS_NOT_SUBTYPE(nothingToTwoTs, nothingToStringAndNumber);
+}
+
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(SubtypeFixture, "<A...>(A...) -> A... <: (number) -> number")
 {
     CHECK_IS_SUBTYPE(genericAsToAsType, numberToNumberType);
diff --git a/tests/TypeFamily.test.cpp b/tests/TypeFamily.test.cpp
index efc6433a..7de508a0 100644
--- a/tests/TypeFamily.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeFamily.test.cpp
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #include "Luau/TypeFamily.h"
 
 #include "Luau/ConstraintSolver.h"
+#include "Luau/NotNull.h"
 #include "Luau/TxnLog.h"
 #include "Luau/Type.h"
 
@@ -22,21 +23,20 @@ struct FamilyFixture : Fixture
     {
         swapFamily = TypeFamily{/* name */ "Swap",
             /* reducer */
-            [](std::vector<TypeId> tys, std::vector<TypePackId> tps, NotNull<TypeArena> arena, NotNull<BuiltinTypes> builtins,
-                NotNull<const TxnLog> log, NotNull<Scope> scope, NotNull<Normalizer> normalizer, ConstraintSolver* solver) -> TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId> {
+            [](std::vector<TypeId> tys, std::vector<TypePackId> tps, NotNull<TypeFamilyContext> ctx) -> TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId> {
                 LUAU_ASSERT(tys.size() == 1);
-                TypeId param = log->follow(tys.at(0));
+                TypeId param = follow(tys.at(0));
 
                 if (isString(param))
                 {
-                    return TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId>{builtins->numberType, false, {}, {}};
+                    return TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId>{ctx->builtins->numberType, false, {}, {}};
                 }
                 else if (isNumber(param))
                 {
-                    return TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId>{builtins->stringType, false, {}, {}};
+                    return TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId>{ctx->builtins->stringType, false, {}, {}};
                 }
-                else if (log->get<BlockedType>(param) || log->get<PendingExpansionType>(param) ||
-                         log->get<TypeFamilyInstanceType>(param) || (solver && solver->hasUnresolvedConstraints(param)))
+                else if (is<BlockedType>(param) || is<PendingExpansionType>(param) || is<TypeFamilyInstanceType>(param) ||
+                         (ctx->solver && ctx->solver->hasUnresolvedConstraints(param)))
                 {
                     return TypeFamilyReductionResult<TypeId>{std::nullopt, false, {param}, {}};
                 }
diff --git a/tests/TypeInfer.aliases.test.cpp b/tests/TypeInfer.aliases.test.cpp
index ba82d8fd..8f09acaf 100644
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.aliases.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.aliases.test.cpp
@@ -198,10 +198,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "generic_aliases")
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
-    const std::string expected = R"(Type 'bad' could not be converted into 'T<number>'
-caused by:
-  Property 'v' is not compatible. 
-Type 'string' could not be converted into 'number' in an invariant context)";
+    const std::string expected = "Type 'bad' could not be converted into 'T<number>'";
     CHECK(result.errors[0].location == Location{{4, 31}, {4, 44}});
     CHECK_EQ(expected, toString(result.errors[0]));
 }
@@ -220,13 +217,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "dependent_generic_aliases")
     )");
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
-    const std::string expected = R"(Type 'bad' could not be converted into 'U<number>'
-caused by:
-  Property 't' is not compatible. 
-Type '{| v: string |}' could not be converted into 'T<number>'
-caused by:
-  Property 'v' is not compatible. 
-Type 'string' could not be converted into 'number' in an invariant context)";
+    const std::string expected = "Type 'bad' could not be converted into 'U<number>'";
 
     CHECK(result.errors[0].location == Location{{4, 31}, {4, 52}});
     CHECK_EQ(expected, toString(result.errors[0]));
diff --git a/tests/TypeInfer.intersectionTypes.test.cpp b/tests/TypeInfer.intersectionTypes.test.cpp
index 87a3e833..158e3682 100644
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.intersectionTypes.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.intersectionTypes.test.cpp
@@ -997,7 +997,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "cli_80596_simplify_degenerate_intersections")
         local x: number = obj.x or 3
     )");
 
-    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_ERRORS(result);
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "cli_80596_simplify_more_realistic_intersections")
@@ -1023,7 +1023,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "cli_80596_simplify_more_realistic_intersections")
         local x: number = obj.x or 3
     )");
 
-    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_ERRORS(result);
 }
 
 TEST_SUITE_END();
diff --git a/tests/TypeInfer.operators.test.cpp b/tests/TypeInfer.operators.test.cpp
index 129e25e1..d9cd1631 100644
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.operators.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.operators.test.cpp
@@ -936,6 +936,128 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "infer_any_in_all_modes_when_lhs_is_unknown")
     // the case right now, though.
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "infer_type_for_generic_subtraction")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(Mode::Strict, R"(
+        local function f(x, y)
+            return x - y
+        end
+    )");
+
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+    {
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+        CHECK(toString(requireType("f")) == "<a, b>(a, b) -> Sub<a, b>");
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), "Unknown type used in - operation; consider adding a type annotation to 'x'");
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "infer_type_for_generic_multiplication")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(Mode::Strict, R"(
+        local function f(x, y)
+            return x * y
+        end
+    )");
+
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+    {
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+        CHECK(toString(requireType("f")) == "<a, b>(a, b) -> Mul<a, b>");
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), "Unknown type used in * operation; consider adding a type annotation to 'x'");
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "infer_type_for_generic_division")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(Mode::Strict, R"(
+        local function f(x, y)
+            return x / y
+        end
+    )");
+
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+    {
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+        CHECK(toString(requireType("f")) == "<a, b>(a, b) -> Div<a, b>");
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), "Unknown type used in / operation; consider adding a type annotation to 'x'");
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "infer_type_for_generic_floor_division")
+{
+    ScopedFastFlag floorDiv{"LuauFloorDivision", true};
+
+    CheckResult result = check(Mode::Strict, R"(
+        local function f(x, y)
+            return x // y
+        end
+    )");
+
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+    {
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+        CHECK(toString(requireType("f")) == "<a, b>(a, b) -> FloorDiv<a, b>");
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), "Unknown type used in // operation; consider adding a type annotation to 'x'");
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "infer_type_for_generic_exponentiation")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(Mode::Strict, R"(
+        local function f(x, y)
+            return x ^ y
+        end
+    )");
+
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+    {
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+        CHECK(toString(requireType("f")) == "<a, b>(a, b) -> Exp<a, b>");
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), "Unknown type used in ^ operation; consider adding a type annotation to 'x'");
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "infer_type_for_generic_modulo")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(Mode::Strict, R"(
+        local function f(x, y)
+            return x % y
+        end
+    )");
+
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+    {
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+        CHECK(toString(requireType("f")) == "<a, b>(a, b) -> Mod<a, b>");
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
+        CHECK_EQ(toString(result.errors[0]), "Unknown type used in % operation; consider adding a type annotation to 'x'");
+    }
+}
+
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "equality_operations_succeed_if_any_union_branch_succeeds")
 {
     CheckResult result = check(R"(
diff --git a/tests/TypeInfer.refinements.test.cpp b/tests/TypeInfer.refinements.test.cpp
index 726a0ffa..374acc60 100644
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.refinements.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.refinements.test.cpp
@@ -1942,4 +1942,54 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "conditional_refinement_should_stay_error_sup
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "globals_can_be_narrowed_too")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        if typeof(string) == 'string' then
+            local foo = string
+        end
+    )");
+
+    CHECK("never" == toString(requireTypeAtPosition(Position{2, 24})));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "luau_polyfill_isindexkey_refine_conjunction")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        local function isIndexKey(k, contiguousLength)
+            return type(k) == "number"
+                and k <= contiguousLength -- nothing out of bounds
+                and 1 <= k -- nothing illegal for array indices
+                and math.floor(k) == k -- no float keys
+        end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "luau_polyfill_isindexkey_refine_conjunction_variant")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        local function isIndexKey(k, contiguousLength: number)
+            return type(k) == "number"
+                and k <= contiguousLength -- nothing out of bounds
+                and 1 <= k -- nothing illegal for array indices
+                and math.floor(k) == k -- no float keys
+        end
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "globals_can_be_narrowed_too")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        if typeof(string) == 'string' then
+            local foo = string
+        end
+    )");
+
+    CHECK("never" == toString(requireTypeAtPosition(Position{2, 24})));
+}
+
 TEST_SUITE_END();
diff --git a/tests/TypeInfer.singletons.test.cpp b/tests/TypeInfer.singletons.test.cpp
index d085f900..aeef4bad 100644
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.singletons.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.singletons.test.cpp
@@ -366,10 +366,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "parametric_tagged_union_alias")
 
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
 
-    const std::string expectedError = R"(Type 'a' could not be converted into 'Err<number> | Ok<string>'
-caused by:
-  None of the union options are compatible. For example: 
-Table type 'a' not compatible with type 'Err<number>' because the former is missing field 'error')";
+    const std::string expectedError = "Type 'a' could not be converted into 'Err<number> | Ok<string>'";
 
     CHECK(toString(result.errors[0]) == expectedError);
 }
diff --git a/tests/TypeInfer.tables.test.cpp b/tests/TypeInfer.tables.test.cpp
index b36c2ca4..47ddf9b5 100644
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.tables.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.tables.test.cpp
@@ -2672,7 +2672,7 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(Fixture, "generalize_table_argument")
     std::optional<TypeId> fooArg1 = first(fooType->argTypes);
     REQUIRE(fooArg1);
 
-    const TableType* fooArg1Table = get<TableType>(*fooArg1);
+    const TableType* fooArg1Table = get<TableType>(follow(*fooArg1));
     REQUIRE(fooArg1Table);
 
     CHECK_EQ(fooArg1Table->state, TableState::Generic);
diff --git a/tests/conformance/constructs.lua b/tests/conformance/constructs.lua
index f133501f..b8b88478 100644
--- a/tests/conformance/constructs.lua
+++ b/tests/conformance/constructs.lua
@@ -237,4 +237,19 @@ repeat
   i = i+1
 until i==c
 
+-- validate continue upvalue close behavior
+local function check_connected(writer, reader)
+    writer(1)
+    assert(reader() == 1)
+    return true
+end
+
+repeat
+    local value = nil
+    local function write(n)
+        value = n
+    end
+    continue
+until check_connected(write, function() return value end)
+
 return 'OK'
diff --git a/tests/conformance/datetime.lua b/tests/conformance/datetime.lua
index 81e0daea..8e2103d9 100644
--- a/tests/conformance/datetime.lua
+++ b/tests/conformance/datetime.lua
@@ -23,6 +23,29 @@ assert(os.time({ year = 1970, month = 1, day = 1, hour = 0, min = 0, sec = 0}) =
 assert(os.time({ year = 3000, month = 12, day = 31, hour = 23, min = 59, sec = 59}) == 32535215999) -- just before Windows max range
 assert(os.time({ year = 1970, month = 1, day = 1, hour = 0, min = 0, sec = -1}) == nil) -- going before using time fields
 
+assert(os.time({ year = 2000, month = 6, day = 10, hour = 0, min = 0, sec = 0}) == 960595200)
+assert(os.time({ year = 2000, month = 6, day = 10, hour = 0, min = 0, sec = -86400}) == 960508800)
+assert(os.time({ year = 2000, month = 6, day = 10, hour = 0, min = 0, sec = 86400}) == 960681600)
+assert(os.time({ year = 2000, month = 6, day = 10, hour = 0, min = -600, sec = 0}) == 960559200)
+assert(os.time({ year = 2000, month = 6, day = 10, hour = 0, min = 600, sec = 0}) == 960631200)
+assert(os.time({ year = 2000, month = 6, day = 10, hour = -600, min = 0, sec = 0}) == 958435200)
+assert(os.time({ year = 2000, month = 6, day = 10, hour = 600, min = 0, sec = 0}) == 962755200)
+assert(os.time({ year = 2000, month = 6, day = -100, hour = 0, min = 0, sec = 0}) == 951091200)
+assert(os.time({ year = 2000, month = 6, day = 1000, hour = 0, min = 0, sec = 0}) == 1046131200)
+assert(os.time({ year = 2000, month = -60, day = 10, hour = 0, min = 0, sec = 0}) == 787017600)
+assert(os.time({ year = 2000, month = 60, day = 10, hour = 0, min = 0, sec = 0}) == 1102636800)
+
+assert(os.time({ year = 2000, month = 6, day = 10, hour = 0, min = 0, sec = -86400000}) == 874195200)
+assert(os.time({ year = 2000, month = 6, day = 10, hour = 0, min = 0, sec = 86400000}) == 1046995200)
+assert(os.time({ year = 2000, month = 6, day = 10, hour = 0, min = -600000, sec = 0}) == 924595200)
+assert(os.time({ year = 2000, month = 6, day = 10, hour = 0, min = 600000, sec = 0}) == 996595200)
+assert(os.time({ year = 2100, month = 6, day = 10, hour = -600000, min = 0, sec = 0}) == 1956268800)
+assert(os.time({ year = 2100, month = 6, day = 10, hour = 600000, min = 0, sec = 0}) == 6276268800)
+assert(os.time({ year = 2100, month = 6, day = -10000, hour = 0, min = 0, sec = 0}) == 3251404800)
+assert(os.time({ year = 2100, month = 6, day = 100000, hour = 0, min = 0, sec = 0}) == 12755404800)
+assert(os.time({ year = 2100, month = -600, day = 10, hour = 0, min = 0, sec = 0}) == 2522707200)
+assert(os.time({ year = 2100, month = 600, day = 10, hour = 0, min = 0, sec = 0}) == 5678380800)
+
 local function checkDateTable (t)
   local D = os.date("!*t", t)
   assert(os.time(D) == t)
diff --git a/tests/conformance/math.lua b/tests/conformance/math.lua
index 4027bba0..d285df78 100644
--- a/tests/conformance/math.lua
+++ b/tests/conformance/math.lua
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ assert(math.log10("10") == 1)
 assert(math.log("0") == -inf)
 assert(math.log("8", 2) == 3)
 assert(math.log("10", 10) == 1)
-assert(math.log("9", 3) == 2)
+assert(math.log("16", 4) == 2)
 assert(math.max("1", 2) == 2)
 assert(math.max(2, "1") == 2)
 assert(math.max(1, 2, "3") == 3)
diff --git a/tests/conformance/native.lua b/tests/conformance/native.lua
index a4369dbf..e89e772a 100644
--- a/tests/conformance/native.lua
+++ b/tests/conformance/native.lua
@@ -203,6 +203,33 @@ local function arraySizeOpt2(a, i)
   return a[i] + a[5]
 end
 
-assert(arraySizeOpt1({1}, 1) == 71)
+assert(arraySizeOpt2({1}, 1) == 71)
+
+function deadLoopBody(n)
+  local r = 0
+  if n and false then
+    for i = 1, n do
+      r += 1
+    end
+  end
+  return r
+end
+
+assert(deadLoopBody(5) == 0)
+
+function arrayIndexingSpecialNumbers1(a, b, c)
+  local arr = table.create(100000)
+  arr[a] = 9
+  arr[b-1] = 80
+  arr[b] = 700
+  arr[b+1] = 6000
+  arr[c-1] = 50000
+  arr[c] = 400000
+  arr[c+1] = 3000000
+
+  return arr[1] + arr[255] + arr[256] + arr[257] + arr[65535] + arr[65536] + arr[65537]
+end
+
+assert(arrayIndexingSpecialNumbers1(1, 256, 65536) == 3456789)
 
 return('OK')
diff --git a/tests/conformance/strconv.lua b/tests/conformance/strconv.lua
index 85ad0295..8f056eb0 100644
--- a/tests/conformance/strconv.lua
+++ b/tests/conformance/strconv.lua
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ assert(tostring(-0.17) == "-0.17")
 assert(tostring(math.pi) == "3.141592653589793")
 
 -- fuzzing corpus
+-- Note: If the assert below fires it may indicate floating point denormalized values
+-- are not handled as expected.
 assert(tostring(5.4536123983019448e-311) == "5.453612398302e-311")
 assert(tostring(5.4834368411298348e-311) == "5.48343684113e-311")
 assert(tostring(4.4154895841930002e-305) == "4.415489584193e-305")
diff --git a/tests/main.cpp b/tests/main.cpp
index 72695fb5..96a6525f 100644
--- a/tests/main.cpp
+++ b/tests/main.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,10 @@
 #include <windows.h> // IsDebuggerPresent
 #endif
 
+#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)
+#include <immintrin.h>
+#endif
+
 #ifdef __APPLE__
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/sysctl.h>
@@ -253,8 +257,21 @@ static void setFastFlags(const std::vector<doctest::String>& flags)
     }
 }
 
+// This function performs system/architecture specific initialization prior to running tests.
+static void initSystem()
+{
+#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)
+    // Some unit tests make use of denormalized numbers.  So flags to flush to zero or treat denormals as zero
+    // must be disabled for expected behavior.
+    _MM_SET_FLUSH_ZERO_MODE(_MM_FLUSH_ZERO_OFF);
+    _MM_SET_DENORMALS_ZERO_MODE(_MM_DENORMALS_ZERO_OFF);
+#endif
+}
+
 int main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
+    initSystem();
+
     Luau::assertHandler() = testAssertionHandler;
 
 
diff --git a/tools/faillist.txt b/tools/faillist.txt
index 17d79661..a45b215b 100644
--- a/tools/faillist.txt
+++ b/tools/faillist.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 AnnotationTests.infer_type_of_value_a_via_typeof_with_assignment
+AnnotationTests.two_type_params
+AnnotationTests.use_generic_type_alias
 AstQuery.last_argument_function_call_type
 AstQuery::getDocumentationSymbolAtPosition.table_overloaded_function_prop
 AutocompleteTest.anonymous_autofilled_generic_on_argument_type_pack_vararg
@@ -24,6 +26,7 @@ AutocompleteTest.type_correct_suggestion_in_argument
 AutocompleteTest.unsealed_table_2
 BuiltinTests.aliased_string_format
 BuiltinTests.assert_removes_falsy_types
+BuiltinTests.assert_removes_falsy_types2
 BuiltinTests.assert_removes_falsy_types_even_from_type_pack_tail_but_only_for_the_first_type
 BuiltinTests.assert_returns_false_and_string_iff_it_knows_the_first_argument_cannot_be_truthy
 BuiltinTests.bad_select_should_not_crash
@@ -39,6 +42,7 @@ BuiltinTests.gmatch_capture_types_set_containing_lbracket
 BuiltinTests.gmatch_definition
 BuiltinTests.ipairs_iterator_should_infer_types_and_type_check
 BuiltinTests.next_iterator_should_infer_types_and_type_check
+BuiltinTests.os_time_takes_optional_date_table
 BuiltinTests.pairs_iterator_should_infer_types_and_type_check
 BuiltinTests.see_thru_select
 BuiltinTests.see_thru_select_count
@@ -47,6 +51,7 @@ BuiltinTests.select_way_out_of_range
 BuiltinTests.select_with_decimal_argument_is_rounded_down
 BuiltinTests.set_metatable_needs_arguments
 BuiltinTests.setmetatable_should_not_mutate_persisted_types
+BuiltinTests.sort
 BuiltinTests.sort_with_bad_predicate
 BuiltinTests.sort_with_predicate
 BuiltinTests.string_format_arg_count_mismatch
@@ -54,6 +59,7 @@ BuiltinTests.string_format_as_method
 BuiltinTests.string_format_correctly_ordered_types
 BuiltinTests.string_format_report_all_type_errors_at_correct_positions
 BuiltinTests.string_format_use_correct_argument2
+BuiltinTests.table_concat_returns_string
 BuiltinTests.table_dot_remove_optionally_returns_generic
 BuiltinTests.table_freeze_is_generic
 BuiltinTests.table_insert_correctly_infers_type_of_array_2_args_overload
@@ -90,92 +96,181 @@ ControlFlowAnalysis.type_alias_does_not_leak_out_continuing
 DefinitionTests.class_definition_indexer
 DefinitionTests.class_definition_overload_metamethods
 DefinitionTests.class_definition_string_props
+DefinitionTests.declaring_generic_functions
 DefinitionTests.definition_file_classes
 Differ.equal_generictp_cyclic
+Differ.equal_table_A_B_C
 Differ.equal_table_cyclic_diamonds_unraveled
+Differ.equal_table_kind_A
+Differ.equal_table_kind_B
+Differ.equal_table_kind_C
+Differ.equal_table_kind_D
+Differ.equal_table_measuring_tapes
+Differ.equal_table_two_cyclic_tables_are_not_different
 Differ.equal_table_two_shifted_circles_are_not_different
 Differ.generictp_normal
 Differ.generictp_normal_2
 Differ.left_cyclic_table_right_table_missing_property
 Differ.left_cyclic_table_right_table_property_wrong
+Differ.negation
+Differ.right_cyclic_table_left_table_missing_property
 Differ.right_cyclic_table_left_table_property_wrong
 Differ.table_left_circle_right_measuring_tape
+FrontendTest.accumulate_cached_errors_in_consistent_order
+FrontendTest.it_should_be_safe_to_stringify_errors_when_full_type_graph_is_discarded
+GenericsTests.apply_type_function_nested_generics1
+GenericsTests.apply_type_function_nested_generics3
 GenericsTests.better_mismatch_error_messages
+GenericsTests.bound_tables_do_not_clone_original_fields
+GenericsTests.check_generic_function
+GenericsTests.check_generic_local_function
 GenericsTests.check_generic_typepack_function
 GenericsTests.check_mutual_generic_functions
+GenericsTests.check_nested_generic_function
+GenericsTests.check_recursive_generic_function
 GenericsTests.correctly_instantiate_polymorphic_member_functions
+GenericsTests.do_not_always_instantiate_generic_intersection_types
 GenericsTests.do_not_infer_generic_functions
 GenericsTests.dont_substitute_bound_types
+GenericsTests.error_detailed_function_mismatch_generic_pack
+GenericsTests.error_detailed_function_mismatch_generic_types
+GenericsTests.factories_of_generics
+GenericsTests.function_arguments_can_be_polytypes
 GenericsTests.generic_argument_count_too_few
 GenericsTests.generic_argument_count_too_many
+GenericsTests.generic_factories
 GenericsTests.generic_functions_dont_cache_type_parameters
+GenericsTests.generic_functions_in_types
 GenericsTests.generic_functions_should_be_memory_safe
 GenericsTests.generic_type_pack_parentheses
+GenericsTests.generic_type_pack_unification1
+GenericsTests.generic_type_pack_unification2
+GenericsTests.generic_type_pack_unification3
 GenericsTests.higher_rank_polymorphism_should_not_accept_instantiated_arguments
 GenericsTests.hof_subtype_instantiation_regression
+GenericsTests.infer_generic_function
 GenericsTests.infer_generic_function_function_argument
 GenericsTests.infer_generic_function_function_argument_2
 GenericsTests.infer_generic_function_function_argument_3
 GenericsTests.infer_generic_function_function_argument_overloaded
 GenericsTests.infer_generic_lib_function_function_argument
+GenericsTests.infer_generic_local_function
 GenericsTests.infer_generic_property
+GenericsTests.infer_nested_generic_function
+GenericsTests.inferred_local_vars_can_be_polytypes
 GenericsTests.instantiated_function_argument_names
-GenericsTests.mutable_state_polymorphism
+GenericsTests.instantiation_sharing_types
+GenericsTests.local_vars_can_be_polytypes
 GenericsTests.no_stack_overflow_from_quantifying
+GenericsTests.properties_can_be_instantiated_polytypes
 GenericsTests.properties_can_be_polytypes
 GenericsTests.quantify_functions_even_if_they_have_an_explicit_generic
+GenericsTests.rank_N_types_via_typeof
 GenericsTests.self_recursive_instantiated_param
+GenericsTests.type_parameters_can_be_polytypes
+GenericsTests.typefuns_sharing_types
+IntersectionTypes.error_detailed_intersection_all
+IntersectionTypes.error_detailed_intersection_part
+IntersectionTypes.intersect_bool_and_false
+IntersectionTypes.intersect_false_and_bool_and_false
+IntersectionTypes.intersect_metatables
+IntersectionTypes.intersect_saturate_overloaded_functions
+IntersectionTypes.intersection_of_tables
+IntersectionTypes.intersection_of_tables_with_never_properties
 IntersectionTypes.intersection_of_tables_with_top_properties
 IntersectionTypes.less_greedy_unification_with_intersection_types
+IntersectionTypes.overloaded_functions_mentioning_generic
+IntersectionTypes.overloaded_functions_mentioning_generic_packs
+IntersectionTypes.overloaded_functions_mentioning_generics
+IntersectionTypes.overloaded_functions_returning_intersections
+IntersectionTypes.overloadeded_functions_with_never_arguments
+IntersectionTypes.overloadeded_functions_with_never_result
+IntersectionTypes.overloadeded_functions_with_overlapping_results_and_variadics
+IntersectionTypes.overloadeded_functions_with_unknown_arguments
+IntersectionTypes.overloadeded_functions_with_unknown_result
+IntersectionTypes.overloadeded_functions_with_weird_typepacks_1
+IntersectionTypes.overloadeded_functions_with_weird_typepacks_2
+IntersectionTypes.overloadeded_functions_with_weird_typepacks_3
+IntersectionTypes.overloadeded_functions_with_weird_typepacks_4
 IntersectionTypes.select_correct_union_fn
 IntersectionTypes.should_still_pick_an_overload_whose_arguments_are_unions
 IntersectionTypes.table_intersection_write_sealed_indirect
 IntersectionTypes.table_write_sealed_indirect
+IntersectionTypes.union_saturate_overloaded_functions
+Negations.cofinite_strings_can_be_compared_for_equality
 Normalize.higher_order_function_with_annotation
 Normalize.negations_of_tables
 Normalize.specific_functions_cannot_be_negated
 ProvisionalTests.assign_table_with_refined_property_with_a_similar_type_is_illegal
-ProvisionalTests.bail_early_if_unification_is_too_complicated
 ProvisionalTests.choose_the_right_overload_for_pcall
 ProvisionalTests.do_not_ice_when_trying_to_pick_first_of_generic_type_pack
 ProvisionalTests.error_on_eq_metamethod_returning_a_type_other_than_boolean
+ProvisionalTests.expected_type_should_be_a_helpful_deduction_guide_for_function_calls
+ProvisionalTests.floating_generics_should_not_be_allowed
 ProvisionalTests.free_is_not_bound_to_any
 ProvisionalTests.free_options_can_be_unified_together
 ProvisionalTests.free_options_cannot_be_unified_together
 ProvisionalTests.function_returns_many_things_but_first_of_it_is_forgotten
 ProvisionalTests.generic_type_leak_to_module_interface
 ProvisionalTests.greedy_inference_with_shared_self_triggers_function_with_no_returns
+ProvisionalTests.it_should_be_agnostic_of_actual_size
+ProvisionalTests.luau-polyfill.Array.filter
+ProvisionalTests.luau-polyfill.Map.entries
+ProvisionalTests.optional_class_instances_are_invariant
 ProvisionalTests.pcall_returns_at_least_two_value_but_function_returns_nothing
 ProvisionalTests.setmetatable_constrains_free_type_into_free_table
 ProvisionalTests.specialization_binds_with_prototypes_too_early
 ProvisionalTests.table_insert_with_a_singleton_argument
 ProvisionalTests.table_unification_infinite_recursion
 ProvisionalTests.typeguard_inference_incomplete
+ProvisionalTests.while_body_are_also_refined
 ProvisionalTests.xpcall_returns_what_f_returns
-RefinementTest.call_an_incompatible_function_after_using_typeguard
+RefinementTest.apply_refinements_on_astexprindexexpr_whose_subscript_expr_is_constant_string
+RefinementTest.correctly_lookup_property_whose_base_was_previously_refined
 RefinementTest.dataflow_analysis_can_tell_refinements_when_its_appropriate_to_refine_into_nil_or_never
 RefinementTest.discriminate_from_truthiness_of_x
 RefinementTest.fail_to_refine_a_property_of_subscript_expression
 RefinementTest.falsiness_of_TruthyPredicate_narrows_into_nil
+RefinementTest.impossible_type_narrow_is_not_an_error
+RefinementTest.index_on_a_refined_property
 RefinementTest.isa_type_refinement_must_be_known_ahead_of_time
+RefinementTest.luau_polyfill_isindexkey_refine_conjunction
+RefinementTest.luau_polyfill_isindexkey_refine_conjunction_variant
 RefinementTest.narrow_property_of_a_bounded_variable
 RefinementTest.nonoptional_type_can_narrow_to_nil_if_sense_is_true
 RefinementTest.not_t_or_some_prop_of_t
 RefinementTest.refine_a_property_of_some_global
+RefinementTest.refine_unknown_to_table_then_clone_it
+RefinementTest.string_not_equal_to_string_or_nil
 RefinementTest.truthy_constraint_on_properties
+RefinementTest.type_annotations_arent_relevant_when_doing_dataflow_analysis
 RefinementTest.type_narrow_to_vector
 RefinementTest.typeguard_cast_free_table_to_vector
 RefinementTest.typeguard_in_assert_position
 RefinementTest.x_as_any_if_x_is_instance_elseif_x_is_table
+TableTests.a_free_shape_can_turn_into_a_scalar_directly
 TableTests.a_free_shape_can_turn_into_a_scalar_if_it_is_compatible
 TableTests.a_free_shape_cannot_turn_into_a_scalar_if_it_is_not_compatible
+TableTests.accidentally_checked_prop_in_opposite_branch
+TableTests.array_factory_function
 TableTests.call_method
 TableTests.cannot_change_type_of_unsealed_table_prop
+TableTests.casting_tables_with_props_into_table_with_indexer2
 TableTests.casting_tables_with_props_into_table_with_indexer3
 TableTests.casting_tables_with_props_into_table_with_indexer4
 TableTests.casting_unsealed_tables_with_props_into_table_with_indexer
+TableTests.certain_properties_of_table_literal_arguments_can_be_covariant
 TableTests.checked_prop_too_early
 TableTests.cli_84607_missing_prop_in_array_or_dict
+TableTests.common_table_element_general
+TableTests.common_table_element_inner_index
+TableTests.common_table_element_inner_prop
+TableTests.common_table_element_list
+TableTests.common_table_element_union_assignment
+TableTests.common_table_element_union_in_call
+TableTests.common_table_element_union_in_call_tail
+TableTests.common_table_element_union_in_prop
+TableTests.confusing_indexing
 TableTests.cyclic_shifted_tables
 TableTests.disallow_indexing_into_an_unsealed_table_with_no_indexer_in_strict_mode
 TableTests.dont_crash_when_setmetatable_does_not_produce_a_metatabletypevar
@@ -183,29 +278,54 @@ TableTests.dont_extend_unsealed_tables_in_rvalue_position
 TableTests.dont_hang_when_trying_to_look_up_in_cyclic_metatable_index
 TableTests.dont_leak_free_table_props
 TableTests.dont_quantify_table_that_belongs_to_outer_scope
+TableTests.dont_seal_an_unsealed_table_by_passing_it_to_a_function_that_takes_a_sealed_table
 TableTests.dont_suggest_exact_match_keys
+TableTests.error_detailed_indexer_key
+TableTests.error_detailed_indexer_value
 TableTests.error_detailed_metatable_prop
+TableTests.error_detailed_prop
+TableTests.error_detailed_prop_nested
+TableTests.expected_indexer_from_table_union
+TableTests.expected_indexer_value_type_extra
+TableTests.expected_indexer_value_type_extra_2
 TableTests.explicitly_typed_table
+TableTests.explicitly_typed_table_error
 TableTests.explicitly_typed_table_with_indexer
+TableTests.extend_unsealed_table_with_metatable
 TableTests.generalize_table_argument
 TableTests.generic_table_instantiation_potential_regression
 TableTests.give_up_after_one_metatable_index_look_up
+TableTests.indexer_mismatch
+TableTests.indexer_on_sealed_table_must_unify_with_free_table
 TableTests.indexers_get_quantified_too
 TableTests.inequality_operators_imply_exactly_matching_types
 TableTests.infer_array_2
+TableTests.infer_indexer_for_left_unsealed_table_from_right_hand_table_with_indexer
+TableTests.infer_indexer_from_its_function_return_type
+TableTests.infer_indexer_from_value_property_in_literal
 TableTests.inferred_return_type_of_free_table
 TableTests.instantiate_table_cloning_3
+TableTests.instantiate_tables_at_scope_level
+TableTests.invariant_table_properties_means_instantiating_tables_in_assignment_is_unsound
+TableTests.invariant_table_properties_means_instantiating_tables_in_call_is_unsound
 TableTests.leaking_bad_metatable_errors
 TableTests.less_exponential_blowup_please
+TableTests.metatable_mismatch_should_fail
 TableTests.missing_metatable_for_sealed_tables_do_not_get_inferred
 TableTests.mixed_tables_with_implicit_numbered_keys
 TableTests.ok_to_provide_a_subtype_during_construction
+TableTests.ok_to_set_nil_even_on_non_lvalue_base_expr
 TableTests.okay_to_add_property_to_unsealed_tables_by_assignment
 TableTests.okay_to_add_property_to_unsealed_tables_by_function_call
+TableTests.only_ascribe_synthetic_names_at_module_scope
 TableTests.oop_indexer_works
 TableTests.oop_polymorphic
+TableTests.open_table_unification_2
 TableTests.pass_a_union_of_tables_to_a_function_that_requires_a_table
 TableTests.pass_a_union_of_tables_to_a_function_that_requires_a_table_2
+TableTests.passing_compatible_unions_to_a_generic_table_without_crashing
+TableTests.prop_access_on_key_whose_types_mismatches
+TableTests.prop_access_on_unions_of_indexers_where_key_whose_types_mismatches
 TableTests.quantify_even_that_table_was_never_exported_at_all
 TableTests.quantify_metatables_of_metatables_of_table
 TableTests.reasonable_error_when_adding_a_nonexistent_property_to_an_array_like_table
@@ -214,18 +334,25 @@ TableTests.right_table_missing_key2
 TableTests.scalar_is_a_subtype_of_a_compatible_polymorphic_shape_type
 TableTests.scalar_is_not_a_subtype_of_a_compatible_polymorphic_shape_type
 TableTests.sealed_table_indexers_must_unify
+TableTests.sealed_table_value_can_infer_an_indexer
 TableTests.shared_selfs
 TableTests.shared_selfs_from_free_param
 TableTests.shared_selfs_through_metatables
+TableTests.subproperties_can_also_be_covariantly_tested
 TableTests.table_call_metamethod_basic
 TableTests.table_call_metamethod_generic
+TableTests.table_function_check_use_after_free
+TableTests.table_insert_should_cope_with_optional_properties_in_strict
 TableTests.table_param_width_subtyping_1
 TableTests.table_param_width_subtyping_2
+TableTests.table_param_width_subtyping_3
 TableTests.table_simple_call
 TableTests.table_subtyping_with_extra_props_dont_report_multiple_errors
 TableTests.table_subtyping_with_missing_props_dont_report_multiple_errors
 TableTests.table_subtyping_with_missing_props_dont_report_multiple_errors2
+TableTests.table_unification_4
 TableTests.table_unifies_into_map
+TableTests.top_table_type
 TableTests.type_mismatch_on_massive_table_is_cut_short
 TableTests.unifying_tables_shouldnt_uaf1
 TableTests.used_colon_instead_of_dot
@@ -236,31 +363,41 @@ ToString.exhaustive_toString_of_cyclic_table
 ToString.free_types
 ToString.named_metatable_toStringNamedFunction
 ToString.pick_distinct_names_for_mixed_explicit_and_implicit_generics
+ToString.tostring_error_mismatch
 ToString.toStringDetailed2
 ToString.toStringErrorPack
 ToString.toStringNamedFunction_generic_pack
 TryUnifyTests.members_of_failed_typepack_unification_are_unified_with_errorType
 TryUnifyTests.result_of_failed_typepack_unification_is_constrained
 TryUnifyTests.typepack_unification_should_trim_free_tails
+TryUnifyTests.uninhabited_table_sub_anything
+TryUnifyTests.uninhabited_table_sub_never
 TryUnifyTests.variadics_should_use_reversed_properly
+TypeAliases.alias_expands_to_bare_reference_to_imported_type
 TypeAliases.dont_lose_track_of_PendingExpansionTypes_after_substitution
+TypeAliases.free_variables_from_typeof_in_aliases
 TypeAliases.generic_param_remap
 TypeAliases.mismatched_generic_type_param
+TypeAliases.mutually_recursive_aliases
+TypeAliases.mutually_recursive_generic_aliases
 TypeAliases.mutually_recursive_types_restriction_not_ok_1
 TypeAliases.mutually_recursive_types_restriction_not_ok_2
 TypeAliases.mutually_recursive_types_swapsies_not_ok
 TypeAliases.recursive_types_restriction_not_ok
 TypeAliases.report_shadowed_aliases
+TypeAliases.stringify_optional_parameterized_alias
 TypeAliases.type_alias_local_mutation
 TypeAliases.type_alias_local_rename
 TypeAliases.type_alias_locations
 TypeAliases.type_alias_of_an_imported_recursive_generic_type
+TypeAliases.use_table_name_and_generic_params_in_errors
 TypeFamilyTests.add_family_at_work
 TypeFamilyTests.family_as_fn_arg
 TypeFamilyTests.family_as_fn_ret
 TypeFamilyTests.function_internal_families
 TypeFamilyTests.internal_families_raise_errors
 TypeFamilyTests.table_internal_families
+TypeFamilyTests.type_families_inhabited_with_normalization
 TypeFamilyTests.unsolvable_family
 TypeInfer.bidirectional_checking_of_callback_property
 TypeInfer.check_expr_recursion_limit
@@ -269,13 +406,22 @@ TypeInfer.cli_39932_use_unifier_in_ensure_methods
 TypeInfer.cli_50041_committing_txnlog_in_apollo_client_error
 TypeInfer.dont_report_type_errors_within_an_AstExprError
 TypeInfer.dont_report_type_errors_within_an_AstStatError
+TypeInfer.follow_on_new_types_in_substitution
 TypeInfer.fuzz_free_table_type_change_during_index_check
-TypeInfer.infer_assignment_value_types_mutable_lval
+TypeInfer.globals_are_banned_in_strict_mode
+TypeInfer.if_statement
+TypeInfer.infer_locals_via_assignment_from_its_call_site
+TypeInfer.infer_locals_with_nil_value
+TypeInfer.infer_through_group_expr
+TypeInfer.infer_type_assertion_value_type
+TypeInfer.interesting_local_type_inference_case
 TypeInfer.no_stack_overflow_from_isoptional
 TypeInfer.promote_tail_type_packs
 TypeInfer.recursive_function_that_invokes_itself_with_a_refinement_of_its_parameter
 TypeInfer.recursive_function_that_invokes_itself_with_a_refinement_of_its_parameter_2
 TypeInfer.tc_after_error_recovery_no_replacement_name_in_error
+TypeInfer.tc_error
+TypeInfer.tc_error_2
 TypeInfer.tc_if_else_expressions_expected_type_3
 TypeInfer.type_infer_recursion_limit_no_ice
 TypeInfer.type_infer_recursion_limit_normalizer
@@ -288,22 +434,36 @@ TypeInferAnyError.for_in_loop_iterator_returns_any
 TypeInferAnyError.for_in_loop_iterator_returns_any2
 TypeInferAnyError.intersection_of_any_can_have_props
 TypeInferAnyError.replace_every_free_type_when_unifying_a_complex_function_with_any
-TypeInferAnyError.union_of_types_regression_test
+TypeInferAnyError.type_error_addition
 TypeInferClasses.callable_classes
+TypeInferClasses.can_read_prop_of_base_class_using_string
+TypeInferClasses.cannot_unify_class_instance_with_primitive
 TypeInferClasses.class_type_mismatch_with_name_conflict
 TypeInferClasses.detailed_class_unification_error
 TypeInferClasses.index_instance_property
+TypeInferClasses.indexable_classes
 TypeInferClasses.table_class_unification_reports_sane_errors_for_missing_properties
+TypeInferClasses.table_indexers_are_invariant
+TypeInferClasses.type_mismatch_invariance_required_for_error
+TypeInferClasses.we_can_report_when_someone_is_trying_to_use_a_table_rather_than_a_class
 TypeInferFunctions.apply_of_lambda_with_inferred_and_explicit_types
 TypeInferFunctions.cannot_hoist_interior_defns_into_signature
+TypeInferFunctions.check_function_bodies
+TypeInferFunctions.concrete_functions_are_not_supertypes_of_function
 TypeInferFunctions.dont_assert_when_the_tarjan_limit_is_exceeded_during_generalization
 TypeInferFunctions.dont_give_other_overloads_message_if_only_one_argument_matching_overload_exists
 TypeInferFunctions.dont_infer_parameter_types_for_functions_from_their_call_site
+TypeInferFunctions.error_detailed_function_mismatch_arg
+TypeInferFunctions.error_detailed_function_mismatch_arg_count
+TypeInferFunctions.error_detailed_function_mismatch_ret
+TypeInferFunctions.error_detailed_function_mismatch_ret_count
+TypeInferFunctions.error_detailed_function_mismatch_ret_mult
 TypeInferFunctions.function_cast_error_uses_correct_language
 TypeInferFunctions.function_decl_non_self_sealed_overwrite_2
 TypeInferFunctions.function_decl_non_self_unsealed_overwrite
 TypeInferFunctions.function_does_not_return_enough_values
 TypeInferFunctions.function_exprs_are_generalized_at_signature_scope_not_enclosing
+TypeInferFunctions.function_is_supertype_of_concrete_functions
 TypeInferFunctions.function_statement_sealed_table_assignment_through_indexer
 TypeInferFunctions.generic_packs_are_not_variadic
 TypeInferFunctions.higher_order_function_2
@@ -311,14 +471,22 @@ TypeInferFunctions.higher_order_function_3
 TypeInferFunctions.higher_order_function_4
 TypeInferFunctions.improved_function_arg_mismatch_errors
 TypeInferFunctions.infer_anonymous_function_arguments
+TypeInferFunctions.infer_anonymous_function_arguments_outside_call
 TypeInferFunctions.infer_generic_function_function_argument
 TypeInferFunctions.infer_generic_function_function_argument_overloaded
 TypeInferFunctions.infer_generic_lib_function_function_argument
 TypeInferFunctions.infer_return_type_from_selected_overload
+TypeInferFunctions.infer_return_value_type
 TypeInferFunctions.infer_that_function_does_not_return_a_table
+TypeInferFunctions.inferred_higher_order_functions_are_quantified_at_the_right_time3
+TypeInferFunctions.instantiated_type_packs_must_have_a_non_null_scope
 TypeInferFunctions.it_is_ok_to_oversaturate_a_higher_order_function_argument
 TypeInferFunctions.luau_subtyping_is_np_hard
 TypeInferFunctions.no_lossy_function_type
+TypeInferFunctions.num_is_solved_after_num_or_str
+TypeInferFunctions.num_is_solved_before_num_or_str
+TypeInferFunctions.occurs_check_failure_in_function_return_type
+TypeInferFunctions.other_things_are_not_related_to_function
 TypeInferFunctions.param_1_and_2_both_takes_the_same_generic_but_their_arguments_are_incompatible
 TypeInferFunctions.param_1_and_2_both_takes_the_same_generic_but_their_arguments_are_incompatible_2
 TypeInferFunctions.record_matching_overload
@@ -330,7 +498,9 @@ TypeInferFunctions.too_few_arguments_variadic_generic2
 TypeInferFunctions.too_many_arguments_error_location
 TypeInferFunctions.too_many_return_values_in_parentheses
 TypeInferFunctions.too_many_return_values_no_function
+TypeInferFunctions.vararg_function_is_quantified
 TypeInferLoops.cli_68448_iterators_need_not_accept_nil
+TypeInferLoops.dcr_iteration_explore_raycast_minimization
 TypeInferLoops.dcr_iteration_on_never_gives_never
 TypeInferLoops.dcr_xpath_candidates
 TypeInferLoops.for_in_loop
@@ -341,8 +511,12 @@ TypeInferLoops.for_in_loop_on_non_function
 TypeInferLoops.for_in_loop_with_custom_iterator
 TypeInferLoops.for_in_loop_with_incompatible_args_to_iterator
 TypeInferLoops.for_in_loop_with_next
+TypeInferLoops.for_in_with_generic_next
 TypeInferLoops.for_in_with_just_one_iterator_is_ok
+TypeInferLoops.for_loop
 TypeInferLoops.ipairs_produces_integral_indices
+TypeInferLoops.iteration_no_table_passed
+TypeInferLoops.iteration_regression_issue_69967
 TypeInferLoops.iteration_regression_issue_69967_alt
 TypeInferLoops.loop_iter_basic
 TypeInferLoops.loop_iter_metamethod_nil
@@ -351,11 +525,14 @@ TypeInferLoops.loop_iter_metamethod_ok_with_inference
 TypeInferLoops.loop_iter_trailing_nil
 TypeInferLoops.loop_typecheck_crash_on_empty_optional
 TypeInferLoops.properly_infer_iteratee_is_a_free_table
+TypeInferLoops.repeat_loop
 TypeInferLoops.unreachable_code_after_infinite_loop
 TypeInferLoops.varlist_declared_by_for_in_loop_should_be_free
+TypeInferLoops.while_loop
 TypeInferModules.bound_free_table_export_is_ok
 TypeInferModules.do_not_modify_imported_types_4
 TypeInferModules.do_not_modify_imported_types_5
+TypeInferModules.general_require_call_expression
 TypeInferModules.module_type_conflict
 TypeInferModules.module_type_conflict_instantiated
 TypeInferModules.require_failed_module
@@ -371,13 +548,20 @@ TypeInferOOP.table_oop
 TypeInferOperators.add_type_family_works
 TypeInferOperators.and_binexps_dont_unify
 TypeInferOperators.cli_38355_recursive_union
+TypeInferOperators.compound_assign_mismatch_metatable
+TypeInferOperators.compound_assign_mismatch_op
+TypeInferOperators.compound_assign_mismatch_result
 TypeInferOperators.compound_assign_result_must_be_compatible_with_var
 TypeInferOperators.concat_op_on_free_lhs_and_string_rhs
 TypeInferOperators.concat_op_on_string_lhs_and_free_rhs
 TypeInferOperators.disallow_string_and_types_without_metatables_from_arithmetic_binary_ops
+TypeInferOperators.luau-polyfill.Array.startswith
 TypeInferOperators.luau_polyfill_is_array
+TypeInferOperators.normalize_strings_comparison
 TypeInferOperators.operator_eq_completely_incompatible
+TypeInferOperators.operator_eq_verifies_types_do_intersect
 TypeInferOperators.reducing_and
+TypeInferOperators.refine_and_or
 TypeInferOperators.strict_binary_op_where_lhs_unknown
 TypeInferOperators.typecheck_overloaded_multiply_that_is_an_intersection
 TypeInferOperators.typecheck_overloaded_multiply_that_is_an_intersection_on_rhs
@@ -388,22 +572,51 @@ TypeInferOperators.unrelated_classes_cannot_be_compared
 TypeInferOperators.unrelated_primitives_cannot_be_compared
 TypeInferPrimitives.CheckMethodsOfNumber
 TypeInferPrimitives.string_index
+TypeInferUnknownNever.array_like_table_of_never_is_inhabitable
+TypeInferUnknownNever.index_on_union_of_tables_for_properties_that_is_never
+TypeInferUnknownNever.index_on_union_of_tables_for_properties_that_is_sorta_never
 TypeInferUnknownNever.length_of_never
 TypeInferUnknownNever.math_operators_and_never
 TypePackTests.fuzz_typepack_iter_follow_2
 TypePackTests.pack_tail_unification_check
+TypePackTests.parenthesized_varargs_returns_any
 TypePackTests.type_alias_backwards_compatible
 TypePackTests.type_alias_default_type_errors
 TypePackTests.type_packs_with_tails_in_vararg_adjustment
+TypePackTests.unify_variadic_tails_in_arguments
+TypePackTests.unify_variadic_tails_in_arguments_free
+TypePackTests.variadic_argument_tail
+TypeSingletons.enums_using_singletons_mismatch
+TypeSingletons.error_detailed_tagged_union_mismatch_bool
+TypeSingletons.error_detailed_tagged_union_mismatch_string
 TypeSingletons.function_args_infer_singletons
 TypeSingletons.function_call_with_singletons
 TypeSingletons.function_call_with_singletons_mismatch
 TypeSingletons.overloaded_function_call_with_singletons
 TypeSingletons.return_type_of_f_is_not_widened
+TypeSingletons.table_properties_singleton_strings
 TypeSingletons.table_properties_type_error_escapes
 TypeSingletons.widen_the_supertype_if_it_is_free_and_subtype_has_singleton
 TypeSingletons.widening_happens_almost_everywhere
+UnionTypes.disallow_less_specific_assign
+UnionTypes.disallow_less_specific_assign2
+UnionTypes.error_detailed_optional
+UnionTypes.error_detailed_union_all
+UnionTypes.error_detailed_union_part
+UnionTypes.generic_function_with_optional_arg
 UnionTypes.index_on_a_union_type_with_missing_property
 UnionTypes.less_greedy_unification_with_union_types
+UnionTypes.optional_arguments_table2
+UnionTypes.optional_index_error
+UnionTypes.optional_length_error
 UnionTypes.table_union_write_indirect
-UnionTypes.unify_unsealed_table_union_check
+UnionTypes.unify_sealed_table_union_check
+UnionTypes.union_of_functions
+UnionTypes.union_of_functions_mentioning_generic_typepacks
+UnionTypes.union_of_functions_mentioning_generics
+UnionTypes.union_of_functions_with_mismatching_arg_arities
+UnionTypes.union_of_functions_with_mismatching_arg_variadics
+UnionTypes.union_of_functions_with_mismatching_result_arities
+UnionTypes.union_of_functions_with_mismatching_result_variadics
+UnionTypes.union_of_functions_with_variadics
+UnionTypes.union_true_and_false