feat: include initial match expression impl

FIXME: Moonwave doc comments are broken due to indentation issues.

Implements the rust match idiom/syntax.

lib/match.luau

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+--[=[
+	@class Match
+
+	A match expression branches on a pattern. 
+	
+	Match expressions must be exhaustive, meaning that every possible 
+	pattern must be matched, i.e., have an arm handling it. The catch all 
+	arm (`_`), which matches any value, can be used to do this.
+
+	Match expressions also ensure that all of the left-sided arms match the 
+	same type of the scrutinee expression, and the right-sided arms are all
+	of the same type.
+
+	```lua
+	local word = match "hello" {
+		["hello"] = "hi",
+		["bonjour"] = "salut",
+		["hola"] = "hola",
+		_ = "<unknown>",
+	}
+
+	assert(word == "hi")
+	```
+]=]
+local Match = {}
+
+--[=[
+	@private
+	@interface Arm<L, R>
+	@within Match
+
+	Represents an arm (right-side) of a match expression.
+	
+	@type type L -- The type of the scrutinee expression or the left side of the arm
+	@field result R -- The resolved value of the match expression or the right side of the arm
+
+]=]
+type Arm<L, R> = R | (L?) -> R
+
+--[=[
+	@private
+	@interface Arms<T, U>
+	@within Match
+
+	Represents a constructed matcher.
+	
+	@type type T -- The type of the scrutinee expression or the left side of the arm
+	@field result U -- The resolved value of the match expression or the right side of the arm
+
+]=]
+type Arms<T, U> = ({ [T]: Arm<T, U> }) -> U
+
+--[=[
+	@function match
+	@within Match
+
+	A match expression branches on a pattern. A match expression has a 
+	scrutinee expression (the value to match on) and a list of patterns.
+
+	:::note
+	Currently, most traditional pattern matching is not supported, with 
+	the exception of the catch all pattern (`_`).
+	:::
+	
+	A common use-case of match is to prevent repetitive `if` statements, when
+	checking against various possible values of a variable:
+
+	```lua
+	local function getGreetingNumber(greeting: string): number
+		return match(greeting) {
+		   ["hello, world"] = 1,
+		   ["hello, mom"] = 2,
+		   _ = function(val)
+			   return #val
+		   end,
+	   }
+   end
+
+   assert(getGreetingNumber("hello, world") == 1)
+   assert(getGreetingNumber("hello, mom") == 2)
+   assert(getGreetingNumber("hello, john") == 11)
+
+   @param value T -- The value to match on
+   @return matcher Arms<T, U> -- A matcher function to call with the match arms
+   ```
+]=]
+function Match.match<T, U>(value: T): Arms<T, U>
+    local function handleArmType(arm: Arm<T, U>, fnArg: T?): U
+        if typeof(arm) == "function" then
+            return arm(fnArg)
+        end
+
+        return arm
+    end
+
+    return function(arms)
+        for l, r in arms do
+            -- Skip the catch all arm for now, get back to it
+            -- when we have finished checking for all other
+            -- arms
+            if l == "_" then
+                continue
+            end
+
+            if value == l then
+                local ret = handleArmType(r, nil)
+                return ret
+            end
+        end
+
+        -- Since we didn't get any matches, we invoke the catch
+        -- all arm, giving it the value we have
+        local catchAll = arms["_"]
+            or error(
+                `Non exhaustive match pattern, arm not satisfied for: {value}`
+            )
+
+        return handleArmType(catchAll, value)
+    end
+end
+
+return Match.match